Table 4. Moderation Analyses of Pooled Victimization Estimates.
| General form | Verbal form | Physical form | Relational form | Cyber form | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % (95% CI) | β | t | n | % (95% CI) | β | t | n | % (95% CI) | β | t | n | % (95% CI) | β | t | n | % (95% CI) | β | t | |
| Publication year | 23 | - | 0.001 | 0.070 | 12 | - | 0.029 | 0.153 | 10 | - | 0.019 | 0.470 | 12 | - | 0.029 | 1.53 | 6 | - | 0.002 | 0.080 |
| Culture | 23 | 12 | 10 | 12 | 6 | |||||||||||||||
| Western culture | 20 | 65 (56–74) | 1.881 | - | 10 | - | - | - | 10 | - | - | - | 12 | - | - | - | 6 | - | - | - |
| Eastern culture | 3 | 84 (73–92) | 0.402 | 2.84* | 2 | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - |
| Age | 22 | 12 | 10 | 12 | 6 | |||||||||||||||
| Childhood | 10 | 77 (64–87) | 1.97 | - | 5 | 66 (59–73) | 1.893 | - | 4 | 28 (3–60) | 1.136 | - | 4 | 44 (18–70) | 1.893 | - | 2 | - | - | - |
| Adolescents | 10 | 56 (47–66) | −0.082 | 10.98 | 7 | 52 (41–62) | −0.289 | −2.64* | 6 | 32 (19–45) | 0.069 | 0.19 | 8 | 32 (15–52) | −0.289 | 2.64* | 4 | - | - | - |
| Mixed | 2 | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - |
| Gender | 19 | - | 0.005 | 0.039 | 9 | - | −0.015 | −1.07 | 10 | - | 0.045 | 1.63 | 12 | - | −0.015 | −1.07 | 6 | - | −0.000 | −0.020 |
| School setting | 14 | 10 | 7 | 8 | 3 | |||||||||||||||
| Inclusive | 4 | 57 (22–90) | 1.712 | - | 5 | 53 (42–63) | 1.663 | - | 4 | 28 (17–40) | 1.125 | - | 4 | 37 (30–44) | 1.663 | - | 2 | - | - | - |
| Segregated | 1 | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | |
| Mixed | 9 | 69 (60–77) | 0.221 | 0.750 | 5 | 66 (63–69) | 0.193 | 1.37 | 3 | 50 (38–61) | 0.461 | 3.28* | 4 | 51 (31–71) | 0.193 | 1.37 | 1 | - | - | - |
| Measurement | 22 | 12 | 10 | 12 | 6 | |||||||||||||||
| Questionnaire | 18 | 66 (54–78) | 1.897 | - | 10 | - | - | - | 8 | - | - | - | 10 | - | - | - | 6 | - | - | - |
| Interview | 3 | 75 (34–100) | 0.286 | 1.73 | 2 | - | - | - | 2 | - | - | - | 2 | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - |
| Frequency criterion | 22 | 12 | 10 | 12 | 6 | |||||||||||||||
| Dichotomous | 16 | 72 (60–83) | 2.018 | - | 11 | - | - | - | 8 | - | - | - | 10 | - | - | - | 5 | - | - | - |
| Cut-off | 6 | 55 (33–76) | −0.351 | −1.70 | 1 | - | - | - | 2 | - | - | - | 2 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Time-frame | 22 | 12 | 10 | 12 | 6 | |||||||||||||||
| Month | 7 | 65 (45–82) | 1.862 | - | 4 | 59 (40–77) | 1.753 | - | 4 | 18 (2–39) | 0.891 | - | 5 | 40 (21–62) | 1.752 | - | 4 | - | - | - |
| Year | 8 | 61 (39–82) | −0.062 | −0.022 | 5 | 58 (50–66) | −0.041 | −0.20 | 3 | 36 (30–43) | 0.441 | 1.47 | 4 | 39 (11–70) | −0.041 | −0.20 | 2 | - | - | - |
| Life-time | 7 | 76 (69–83) | 0.267 | 1.29 | 3 | 58 (49–67) | −0.033 | 0.17 | 3 | 42 (17–69) | 0.526 | 1.34 | 3 | 24 (4–50) | −0.033 | −0.17 | 0 | - | - | - |
| Respondents | 22 | 12 | 10 | 12 | 6 | |||||||||||||||
| Self | 10 | 76 (66–86) | 2.116 | - | 5 | 58 (50–66) | 1.74 | - | 4 | 23 (0–56) | 1.001 | - | 6 | 39 (17–62) | 1.739 | - | 4 | - | - | - |
| Parent | 10 | 61 (49–73) | −0.325 | −1.68 | 7 | 58 (49–67) | −0.020 | −0.16 | 6 | 30 (19–44) | 0.285 | 0.80 | 6 | 33 (15–54) | −0.020 | −0.16 | 2 | - | - | - |
| Teacher | 2 | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - |
| Quality | 22 | - | 0.025 | 0.410 | 12 | - | −0.019 | −0.40 | 10 | - | 0.042 | 0.39 | 12 | - | −0.019 | −0.40 | 6 | - | −0.030 | 3.49* |
CI, confidence interval; measurement, measurement method; frequency criterion, bullying frequency criterion; time-frame, assessment time-frame; quality, methodological quality.
*p<0.05.