Table 3.
The four major cognate sets (*q̇wăɫV́, *blwt, *dʷirV, *kastAno‐) referred to chestnut term across Eurasia
| Phylum | Word forms for chestnut | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Family | Language | Proto‐word/word form | Meaning | |
| Eurasiatic *bVrq̇wV (edible fruit) and Sino‐Caucasian *q̇wăɫV́ (bark, skin) | ||||
| Proto‐Basque | *kVl | chestnut shell | ||
| Basque | koskol | chestnut | ||
| North Caucasian | *q̇wăɫV | bark, crust | ||
| West‐Caucasian | ‐ | |||
| Behza | q̇eq̇el‐ba | bark | ||
| Kartvelian | *berq̇en‐ | wild pear | ||
| Georgian | berq̇ena | wild plum | ||
| Indo‐European | *bhrūg‐ | fruit | ||
| Greek | froúto a | fruit | ||
| Albanian | pāfrujt | fruitless | ||
| Germanic | fruht | fruit | ||
| Danish | frugt | fruit | ||
| Dutch | vrucht | fruit | ||
| Old English | frute | fruit | ||
| German | frucht | fruit | ||
| Norwegian | frukt | fruit | ||
| Swedish | frukt | fruit | ||
| Celtic | diffrwyth | fruitless | ||
| Breton | frouezh | fruit | ||
| Italic | ‐ | ‐ | ||
| Latin | fructus | fruit | ||
| Italian | frutto | fruit | ||
| French | fruit | fruit | ||
| Spanish | fruto | fruit | ||
| Romanian | fruct | fruit | ||
| Portuguese | fruta | fruit | ||
| Sardinian | frutu | fruit | ||
| Catalan | frutto | fruit | ||
| Galician | froita | fruit | ||
| Indo‐European or Afro‐Asiatic *blwt' (?) | ||||
| Indo‐European | ‐ | ‐ | ||
| Indo‐Iranian | ‐ | ‐ | ||
| Old Persian | šāh‐balūṭ | chestnut | ||
| Semitic | ‐ | ‐ | ||
| Akkadian | ballutu | chestnut/oak | ||
| Aramaic | balut | chestnut/oak | ||
| Arabic | ballūṭ | oak, acorn | ||
| Altaic | ‐ | ‐ | ||
| Azeri Turkish | şabalıd a | chestnut | ||
| Eurasiatic *dʷirV (tree, wood) | ||||
| Altaic | *t`i̯ór(g)e | support, beam | ||
| Turkic | *terki | table | ||
| Uralic | *tErkkV | tree, stick | ||
| Kartvelian | *dwire | log, beam | ||
| Georgian | dire | log, beam | ||
| Indo‐European | ||||
| Proto‐Anatolian | *tṓru‐ | wood, tree | ||
| Hittite | taru | tree | ||
| Anatolian | dōru | chestnut | ||
| Hellenic | drũs | oak | ||
| Greek | drys | oak | ||
| Proto‐Albanian | dru | wood, log | ||
| Albanian | drusk | oak | ||
| Baltic | *der̃w‐ā̂ | resinous wood | ||
| Latvian | darva | tar | ||
| Lithuanian | derva | tar | ||
| Slavic | *dervo | tree | ||
| Slovak | drevo | tree | ||
| Belarusian | dzjérava | tree | ||
| Bulgarian | dǎrvó | tree | ||
| Croatian | dȑvo | tree | ||
| Czech | dřevo | wood | ||
| Macedonian | drvo | tree | ||
| Polish | drzewo | tree | ||
| Russian | dérevo | tree | ||
| Serbian | dȑvo | tree | ||
| Slovenian | drevọ̑ | tree | ||
| Ukrainian | kdérevo | tree | ||
| Germanic | *tri(w)u | tree | ||
| Danish | trä | tree | ||
| Dutch | teer | tar | ||
| Old English | trēow | tree | ||
| German | teer | tar | ||
| Norwegian | tre | tree | ||
| Swedish | träd | tree | ||
| Celtic | *daru, *derwā | oak | ||
| Welsh | derw‐en | oak | ||
| Old Irish | daur | oak | ||
| Breton | dervenn | oak | ||
| Italic | ‐ | ‐ | ||
| Latin | dūrus | hard | ||
| Italian | duro | hard | ||
| French | dur | hard | ||
| Spanish | duro | hard | ||
| Romanian | dur | hard | ||
| Portuguese | duro | hard | ||
| Sardinian | duru | hard | ||
| Catalan | duro | hard | ||
| Galician | duro | hard | ||
| Indo‐European *kastAno‐ | ||||
| Altaic | ||||
| Turkic | ‐ | ‐ | ||
| Turkish | kestane a | chestnut | ||
| Indo‐European | ||||
| Hellenic | kástanon | chestnut | ||
| Greek | kástano | chestnut | ||
| Albanian | gështenjë | chestnut | ||
| Balto‐Slavic | *késten | chestnut | ||
| Latvian | kastanis | chestnut | ||
| Lithuanian | kaštonas | chestnut | ||
| Slovak | gaštan | chestnut | ||
| Belarusian | kaštán | chestnut | ||
| Bulgarian | késten | chestnut | ||
| Croatian | kesten | chestnut | ||
| Czech | kaštan | chestnut | ||
| Macedonian | kósten | chestnut | ||
| Polish | kasztan | chestnut | ||
| Russian | kaštán | chestnut | ||
| Serbian | kesten | chestnut | ||
| Slovenian | kostanj | chestnut | ||
| Germanic | kastan(i)e | chestnut | ||
| Danish | kastanje | chestnut | ||
| Dutch | kastanje | chestnut | ||
| Old English | chesten | chestnut | ||
| German | kastanie | chestnut | ||
| Norwegian | kastanje | chestnut | ||
| Swedish | kastanj | chestnut | ||
| Celtic | castan | chestnut | ||
| Welsh | castan | chestnut | ||
| Old Irish | castán | chestnut | ||
| Breton | kistin | chestnut | ||
| Italic | ‐ | ‐ | ||
| Latin | castanea | chestnut | ||
| Italian | castagna | chestnut | ||
| French | châtaigne | chestnut | ||
| Spanish | castaña | chestnut | ||
| Romanian | castană | chestnut | ||
| Portuguese | castanha | chestnut | ||
| Sardinian | castànza | chestnut | ||
| Catalan | castanya | chestnut | ||
| Galician | castaña | chestnut | ||
| Indo‐Iranian | ‐ | ‐ | ||
| Sanskrit | kashta | tree | ||
| Persian | kastana | tree | ||
| Uralic | ||||
| Finno‐Ugric | ‐ | ‐ | ||
| Finnish | kastanja a | chestnut | ||
| Hungarian | gesztenye a | chestnut | ||
a
Word loan from different language phylum.