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. 2020 Oct 15;14:571011. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2020.571011

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Copyright © 2020 Bloom, Wecht, Ditterline, Wang, Ovechkin, Angeli, Arcese and Harkema.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Whole blood gene expression is profoundly changed within an individual with SCI after 80 sessions of CV scES. (A) The volcano plot shows several differentially expressed genes within the participant following 97-sessions of CV-scES. Downregulated genes (green) include pro-inflammatory genes of interest, such as JAK2, RHOA, and toll-like receptors (TLRs). Upregulated genes (red) include genes of interest related to adaptive immunity, e.g., CD44 and HLA related molecules (MHCI and MHCII). (B) The numbers of differentially expressed genes are shown. (C) Downregulated genes: multiple bioinformatics platforms independently identified pathways related to pro-inflammatory TLR signaling. (D) Cell type bioinformatics platforms identified whole blood and dendritic cells enriched among downregulated genes. (E) Upregulated genes: multiple bioinformatics platforms independently identified pathways related to adaptive immunity. (F) Two cell type bioinformatics platforms identified peripheral blood and CD14+ monocytes enriched among upregulated genes.