TABLE 1.

Studies on controlling biofilm by targeting QS signaling molecule.

Source	QS-inhibiting agents	Chemical structure	Target bacteria	Effects	References
Bacillus cereus VT96	AHL-lactonase AiiA	NA	P. aeruginosa V. cholerae E. cloacae	Degraded AHLs, prevent the biofilm formation and production of virulence factors	Augustine et al., 2010; dos Reis Ponce et al., 2012; Anandan and Vittal, 2019
Synthesis	Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs)		P. aeruginosa	Captured OdDHL, therefor interrupted QS, and subsequently inhibit biofilm formation	Ma et al., 2018
Arthrobacter nitroguajacolicus strain Rü61a	3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-4(1H)-quinolone 2,4-dioxygenase Hod	NA	P. aeruginosa	Catalyzed the conversion of PQS to N-octanoylanthranilic acid and carbon monoxide, reduced the expression of the PQS-regulated virulence	Pustelny et al., 2009
Derivative	Boronic acid derivate SM23	NA	P. aeruginosa	Decreased 3-oxo-C12-HSL and C4-HSL and reduced biofilm formation	Peppoloni et al., 2020
Synthesis	Acyl-HSL analog J8-C8		B. gluma	Bound to TofI, disturbed C8-HSL synthesis, affected biofilm formation	Chung et al., 2011
Synthesis	Diketopiperazines		B. cenocepacia	Interfered with the activity of signal molecule synthase CepI and rendered the bacteria unable to produce biofilm	Buroni et al., 2018
Synthesis	Anti-autoinducer monoclonal antibody AP4-24H11	NA	S. aureus RN4850	Sequestrated the autoinducing peptide (AIP)-4, inhibited QS and biofilm formation	Park et al., 2007
Gene from a soil metagenome	NADP-dependent reductase BpiB09	NA	P. aeruginosa PAO1	Reduced pyocyanin production, decreased motility, poor biofilm formation	Bijtenhoorn et al., 2011
Synthesis	3-(dibromomethylene) isobenzofuran-1(3H)-one derivatives		F. nucleatum P.gingivalis T. forsythia	Inhibited biofilm formation through the inhibition of AI- 2 activity	Park et al., 2017

NA, not available.