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. 2020 Oct 15;11:570830. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.570830

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Copyright © 2020 Jean, Stuart and Tarailo-Graovac.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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DNA dynamics are linked to the cell cycle. (G1 phase) The nuclear envelope reforms after mitosis, then chromatin is positioned in the nucleus and remodeled for transcription by ZNF335 and PHC1. In preparation for synthesis and the G1 cell cycle checkpoint, DNA repair proteins correct any damage present in the genome. (S phase) Chromosomes undergo replication and repair proteins correct any errors or DNA breaks that occurred during the synthesis process. (G2 phase) Sister chromatids are brought together and bound by cohesin complexes. Prior to mitotic entry, condensin II begins the condensation of the chromatids as the negative regulator MCPH1 is broken down. (M phase) Nuclear envelope is broken down by ANKLE2 and homologous chromosomes align at the metaphase plate. Separase disintegrates the cohesin bonds between sister chromatids so they can be segregated to opposite poles before cytokinesis divides the daughter cells.