TABLE 1.
Extracellular vesicles enriched molecules involved in CNS diseases.
| Disease | Mechanism | Involved molecule in EV | References |
| Brain injury, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders | Astrocyte release exosomes have neurotropic effects | STI1 | Hajj et al., 2013 |
| Inflammation | Astrocyte-derived EVs lower neurite development and maturation during inflammation | IL-1β | You et al., 2020 |
| Stroke | MSCs transfer EVs to astrocytes and neurons and consequently lead to neuronal remodeling Astrocyte-derived exosome protects neurons after cerebral ischemia | miR-133b miR-34c | Xin et al., 2013,Wu et al., 2020 |
| Oxidative stress and neurodegenerative diseases | EVs secreted from astrocytes to neurons protect neurons from oxidative stress | Apolipoprotein D | Pascua-Maestro et al., 2018 |
| AD | Astrocyte release exosomes is triggered by Amyloid peptide cause apoptosis in astrocytes Amyloid-β exposed astrocytes overproduced exosomes | PAR-4/ceramide Phosphor-Tau protein | Wang et al., 2012,Chiarini et al., 2017 |
| ALS | Brain astrocytes release EVs that may be involved in ALS disease formation Astrocyte-derived exosomes level of IL-6 elevated with the disease progression | SOD1 IL-6 | Basso et al., 2013; Silverman et al., 2019,Chen W. et al., 2019 |
| PD | Astrocyte-derived exosomes prevents MPP(+)-induced apoptotic cell death through down-regulation of MKK4 pathway AND Protect neurons | miR-200a-3p | Shakespear et al., 2020 |
| Brain cancer metastasis | Astrocyte-derived EVs increase brain cancer metastasis through the loss of PTEN in tumor cells and CCL2 chemokine secretion | miR-19a | Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Glioma | Tumor-associated astrocytes derived EVs promote anti-tumor resistance in glioma cells Glioma cell secrete exosomes that cause phenotype changes in astrocytes and further promote glioma invasion. | MGMT mRNA Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) activated by TGF-β | Yu et al., 2018,Bian et al., 2019 |
| SCI | Astrocyte may release exosome containing proNGF in triggering neuronal apoptosis and involve in worsening SCI | proNGF | Cheng Y.Y. et al., 2019 |
| TBI | Astrocyte secrete EVs could protect and repair damaged neurons by attenuating the CX43 phosphorylation and protecting the mitochondria, decreasing cell death rate and increasing neuronal recovery | GJA-20k | Chen W. et al., 2019 |