Table 2.
Sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory data associated with non-AKI and AKI according to KDIGO criteria.
| Non-AKI | AKI | Stage 1 | Stage 2 | Stage 3 | P-valuea | P-valueb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year; mean ± SD) | 46.61 ± 9.51 | 47.95 ± 10.60 | 45.88 ± 10.10 | 49.29 ± 10.11 | 48.87 ± 11.36 | 0.284 | 0.079 |
| Gender [n (%)] | |||||||
| Male | 69 (73.40) | 201 (83.40) | 70 (82.35) | 64 (83.12) | 67 (84.81) | 0.038 | 0.675 |
| Female | 25 (26.60) | 40 (16.60) | 15 (17.65) | 13 (16.88) | 12 (15.19) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.59 ± 2.96 | 25.35 ± 3.97 | 25.23 ± 3.49 | 25.60 ± 3.47 | 25.25 ± 4.85 | 0.000 | 0.810 |
| Preoperative factors [n (%)] | |||||||
| Hypertension/CHD | 42 (44.68) | 139 (57.68) | 49 (57.65) | 43 (55.84) | 47 (59.49) | 0.032 | 0.818 |
| Congestive heart failure | 24 (25.53) | 77 (31.95) | 27 (31.76) | 19 (24.68) | 31 (39.24) | 0.250 | 0.323 |
| A left ventricular ejection fraction of <35% | 11 (11.70) | 16 (6.64) | 4 (4.71) | 6 (7.79) | 6 (7.59) | 0.126 | 0.453 |
| Marfan syndrome | 3 (3.19) | 8 (3.32) | 2 (2.35) | 3 (3.90) | 3 (3.80) | 1.000 | 0.670 |
| CKD | 1 (1.06) | 22 (9.13) | 10 (11.76) | 5 (6.49) | 7 (8.86) | 0.007 | 0.506 |
| COPD | 2 (2.13) | 15 (6.23) | 3 (3.53) | 5 (6.49) | 7 (8.86) | 0.168 | 0.198 |
| Diabetes | 3 (3.19) | 7 (2.90) | 1 (1.18) | 1 (1.30) | 5 (6.33) | 1.000 | 0.063 |
| Chronic liver disease | 9 (9.57) | 6 (2.49) | 2 (2.35) | 3 (3.90) | 1 (1.27) | 0.014 | 0.807 |
| Previous cardiac surgery | 9 (9.57) | 8 (3.32) | 5 (5.88) | 1 (1.30) | 2 (2.53) | 0.026 | 0.282 |
| Aortic regurgitation | 33 (35.11) | 101 (41.91) | 37 (43.53) | 31 (40.26) | 33 (41.77) | 0.254 | 0.814 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 1 (1.06) | 19 (7.88) | 5 (5.88) | 8 (10.39) | 6 (7.59) | 0.018 | 0.670 |
| Hypertriglyceridemia | 15 (15.96) | 67 (27.80) | 18 (21.18) | 23 (29.87) | 26 (32.91) | 0.024 | 0.093 |
| Intraoperative factors | |||||||
| MHCA [n (%)] | 64 (68.09) | 184 (76.35) | 68 (80.00) | 61 (79.22) | 55 (69.62) | 0.121 | 0.122 |
| DHCA [n (%)] | 30 (31.91) | 57 (23.65) | 17 (20.00) | 16 (20.78) | 24 (30.38) | 0.121 | 0.122 |
| CPB duration (min) | 241.00 ± 44.02 | 263.52 ± 61.41 | 252.66 ± 53.72 | 262.25 ± 64.95 | 276.46 ± 63.93* | 0.000 | 0.044 |
| Red blood cell transfusion (units) | 2.30 ± 2.36 | 3.33 ± 2.76 | 3.01 ± 2.73 | 3.14 ± 2.61 | 3.84 ± 2.89 | 0.013 | 0.128 |
| Lowest HGB intraoperative (g/L) | 75.75 ± 10.21 | 74.77 ± 10.99 | 76.01 ± 10.47 | 73.80 ± 11.88 | 74.37 ± 10.63 | 0.455 | 0.411 |
| Complication [n (%)] | |||||||
| SIRS | 26 (27.66) | 83 (34.44) | 27 (31.76) | 21 (27.27) | 35 (44.30) | 0.234 | 0.099 |
| ARDS | 16 (17.02) | 31 (12.86) | 9 (10.59) | 11 (14.29) | 11 (13.92) | 0.325 | 0.519 |
| Hepatic failure | 17 (18.09) | 24 (9.96) | 5 (5.89) | 10 (12.99) | 9 (11.39) | 0.041 | 0.231 |
| Hypoproteinemia | 5 (5.32) | 67 (27.80) | 34 (40.00) | 12 (15.58) | 21 (26.58) | 0.000 | 0.049 |
| Lactic acidosis | 13 (13.83) | 49 (20.33) | 12 (14.12) | 14 (18.18) | 23 (29.11) | 0.169 | 0.018 |
| Laboratory | |||||||
| Baseline Scr (μmol/L) | 84.16 ± 37.98 | 92.54 ± 59.59 | 80.77 ± 27.20 | 81.16 ± 38.86 | 116.16 ± 88.21*▴ | 0.206 | 0.000 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 6.96 ± 3.65 | 7.66 ± 4.43 | 6.84 ± 3.30 | 7.43 ± 4.77 | 8.78 ± 4.93* | 0.174 | 0.016 |
| UA (μmol/L) | 358.85 ± 139.59 | 372.27 ± 121.94 | 342.33 ± 114.81 | 376.56 ± 111.50 | 400.31 ± 132.87* | 0.386 | 0.009 |
| HGB (g/L) | 130.90 ± 20.30 | 127.32 ± 19.78 | 128.44 ± 19.22 | 130.03 ± 18.97 | 123.47 ± 20.77 | 0.139 | 0.095 |
| Low hematocrit levels [<24%; n (%)] | 8(8.51) | 43(17.84) | 14 (16.47) | 13 (16.88) | 16 (20.25) | 0.033 | 0.790 |
| PLT (109/L) | 171.11 ± 80.66 | 161.46 ± 85.47 | 184.22 ± 96.50 | 170.05 ± 92.34 | 128.59 ± 49.06* | 0.613 | 0.000 |
| WBC (109/L) | 11.30 ± 11.88 | 11.47 ± 4.14 | 11.09 ± 4.26 | 11.67 ± 3.88 | 11.67 ± 4.26 | 0.897 | 0.585 |
| N (%) | 78.00 ± 10.83 | 80.30 ± 10.91 | 79.14 ± 9.72 | 80.24 ± 11.90 | 81.60 ± 11.11 | 0.084 | 0.355 |
| LOS in hospital (days) | 21.71 ± 8.98 | 22.86 ± 10.23 | 22.48 ± 7.53 | 25.03 ± 12.41 | 21.18 ± 10.21 | 0.342 | 0.059 |
Continuous variables with normal distribution were reported as the mean ± standard deviation (SD); categorical variables were reported as number (percentage). Student's t-test was used to compare means of two continuous normally distributed variables, and Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test was used for categorical variables.
AKI vs. non-AKI.
Among AKI stage 1, stage 2, and stage 3.
AKI stage 3 vs. AKI stage 1. The difference is statistically significant; ▴AKI stage 3 vs. AKI stage 2. The difference is statistically significant.
AKI, acute kidney injury; KDIGO, Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes; SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; CHD, coronary heart disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; MHCA, moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest; DHCA, deep hypothermic circulatory arrest; CPB, cardiopulmonary bypass; HGB, hemoglobin; SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; Scr, serum creatinine; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; UA, uric acid; Cys-C, cystatin C; PLT, platelet; WBC, white blood cell; N, neutrocyte; LOS, length of stay. The bold values means they are <0.05, which is statistically significant.