Table 2.

Overview of the Main Effects of High and of Low Shear Stress Observed on the Gene Expression

Effect of High Shear Stress
Genes increased compared to no or low shear stress	Genes decreased compared to no or low shear stress
•Amino acid metabolism – CTH, PSAT1 and ASN •Unfolded protein response (UPR) – halting protein translation, degrading misfolded proteins, increasing chaperones involved in protein folding, eventually leading to apoptosis • Folic acid metabolism – ALDH1L2, SHMT2, and MTHFD1L, MTHFD2 ➢ Associated with response to oxidative stress – ATF4_gene ➢ Involved in UPR and mitochondrial dysfunction •Response to endoplasmic reticulum stress such as apoptosis •Response to glucose starvation •Cytoskeleton reorganization and DNA damage	•Cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, and morphogenesis •Sterol, steroid, isoprenoid, and lipid biosynthetic process
Shear stress-related cytoskeleton/cell adhesion/morphogenesis and immune/inflammation
Genes expressed at high shear stress compared to no or low shear stress	Genes suppressed at high shear stress compared to no or low shear stress
•Actin-based cell shape and motility – SYNPO •Cytoskeleton associated protein and regulation of immune system – ARC •Cellular migration and adhesion – SRPX2 •Proline-rich protein family – PRR4 •Inflammation and chemo-attractant for neutrophils – CXCL1 •Increase inflammation – AOC3 •B-cell proliferation and differentiation – CD72 •Cell-cell interaction during inflammatory responses – ITGAX •Protein degradation – KLHL10	•Collagens – COL23A1, COL16A1, COL5A1 •Decorin, supportive collagen fibrils – DCN •Cadherin, cell adhesion – WTIP, CDH8, PCDHB11 •Fibronectin, cell adhesion, growth, migration – PTPRB •Cell adhesion; cell surface interaction – ESAM •Cell development and morphogenesis
Genes of cell adhesion, cytoskeleton, cell movement, cell growth expressed only in low shear stress (not in high shear stress or in control)
•Collagens – COL4A4, COL19A1, COL14A1 •Intercellular adhesion molecule and immune response - ICAM2 •Integrin cell adhesion and cell surface-mediated signaling – ITGB3 •Laminin, attachment, migration and organization of cells, related to integrin pathway - LAMB3 •Organization of the microfilament network – SCIN •Actin binding and actin filament binding (cell movement) – CORO2B •Myosin (cell movement) – MYO7A •RAS-related (RAS promotes EGFR-mediated cell proliferation) and regulation of actin cytoskeleton – FGD5, PFN4 •Integrity if mitotic centrosomes and maintenance of spindle bipolarity in mitosis – FRY •Protection against CD95-mediated apoptosis – NUAK2