TABLE 3.
Shear stress regulation of molecular effectors.
| EC type | SS (dyn/cm2) | Exposure time | Molecular response | References |
| Mechanosensors | ||||
| HUVEC | 20 | 10 min | Increase Piezo 1-dependent Ca2 peaks | Li et al. (2014) |
| MAEC | 15 | Piezo 1-dependent alignment | Ranade et al. (2014) | |
| HPAEC | 15 | 20–50 min | Polarized Piezo 1 to leading edge | Ranade et al. (2014) |
| HPAEC | 15 | 10 min | YAP nuclear translocation and acto-myosin reorganization | Nakajima et al. (2017) |
| BAEC | 5 | 40% Kir2.1 current increase | Jacobs et al. (1995) | |
| Notch, Wnt, BMP | ||||
| HAEC | 20 | 24 h | Maximum Notch1 mRNA | Mack et al. (2017) |
| HAEC | 26 | Plateau Notch1 nuclear translocation and polarization | Mack et al. (2017) | |
| HUVEC | 20 | 4 h | Increased alignment against flow direction (in absence of Wnt5a/Wnt11) | Franco et al. (2016) |
| HUVEC | 12 | 45 min | Smad1 translocation | Baeyens et al. (2016) |
| HUVEC | 12 | 24 h | BMP9, Klf2, Klf4 expression | Baeyens et al. (2016) |
| HCAEC | 15 | 24 h | Increased endoglin expression | Chu and Peters (2008) |
| HUVEC | 12 | 15 min | Association endoglin/Alk1 and enhanced BMP9 sensitivity | Baeyens et al. (2016) |
| HUVEC | 10–20 | Smad1/5 maximally activated | Baeyens et al. (2015) | |
| Signal transducers | ||||
| HCAEC | 5 | Decreased Dach1 expression (gradient SS maintains its expression) | Chang et al. (2017) | |
| HUVEC | 1.5 or 15 | 3 h | Increase in APJ protein (also after an acute change to higher flow) | Busch et al. (2015) |
| BAEC | 3.5–35 | 25 min | Increase in Erk5 activity | Yan et al. (1999) |
| BAEC | 12 | 20 min–2 h | Increase in Erk5 activity | Yan et al. (1999) |
| HUVEC | 14 | 2 h | Increase in Erk5 activity (continuous, pulsatile or to-an-fro flow) | Shalaby et al. (2017) |
| HUVEC | 22 | Increase in Ins1,4,5P3 (0.5 up to 6 min) | Nollert et al. (1990) | |
| HUVEC | 0.4, 1.4, and 22 | 30 min | Decrease in PI, PE, PA at 10-30 s and increase in DAG, free arachidonate and Ins1,4,5P3. IP3 peak at 10 min | Bhagyalakshmi et al. (1992) |
| BAEC | 12 | 30 min | Increased Rac1 activity at 30 min | Tzima et al. (2002) |
| BAEC | 15 | 30 min | Polarized Rac1 activity | Shao et al. (2017) |
| Zebrafish Brain | Decreased blood flow | Increased Rac1 activity | Chen et al. (2012) | |
| HUVEC | 23 | 1–20 min | pp130Cas/Crk association | Okuda et al. (1999) |
| PAEC | 20 | 5 min | Polarized decrease in pp130Cas in edge opposite to flow | Zaidel-Bar et al. (2005) |
| BAEC | 12 | 5 – 60 min | No recruitment of Nck to VEGFR2 (in contrast to VEGF 10 ng/ml) | Wang et al. (2007) |
| ECM-related | ||||
| μvascular rat EC | 14 | 4 – 8 h | Decreased MT1-MMP expression (in contrast to cyclic strain) | Yun et al. (2002) |
| HUVEC | 5.3 + S1P | Increase in MT1-MMP activity and EC membrane recruitment (in 3D collagen matrices) | Kang et al. (2011) | |
| HUVEC | 13 | 2 h | Enhanced TSP1 secretion to ECM | Gomes et al. (2005) |
| Prazosin in muscle | Increases blood flow | Increased ECM TSP1 in vivo | Bongrazio et al. (2006) | |
| Yolk sac | Flow restauration | 30 min–4 h | Recovers Nrp1 arterial expression | le Noble et al. (2004) |
| Muscle | Increased blood flow | Increase in Npr1 | Williams et al. (2006b) | |
| Mouse EC | 20 | 24 h | Nrp1 association to PLXND1 and VEGFR2 mechanosensor | Mehta et al. (2020) |
| Soluble factors | ||||
| Umbilical Vessels | 24 vs 4 | 1.5, 3, and 6 h | Biphasic down, up and down VEGF regulation | Gan et al. (2000) |
| HUVEC | 10 (orbital shaker) | 72 h | Increased VEGF165/VEGFR2/pVEGFR2 | dela Paz et al. (2012) |
| HUVEC | 20 | 38 h | eNOs (not under pulsatile flow) | Voyvodic et al. (2012) |
| HUVEC | 8, 2–8 (periodic, 15 min) and 12.4 (reciprocating) | Increase in nitric oxide synthesis (in contrast to turbulent flow (1.2 to 11.7 dyn/cm2) | Noris et al. (1995) | |
List of selected reports showing the regulation of molecular effectors in endothelial cells by distinct shear stress values and patterns in vitro and in vivo. ECs, endothelial cells; HUVEC, human umbilical vein ECs; HCAEC, human coronary artery ECs; PAEC, human pulmonary artery ECs; MAEC, mouse aorta ECs; PTEC, pulmonary trunk ECs; BAEC, bovine aorta ECs; S1P, sphingosine-1-phosphate.