Table 1.
Baseline demographic characteristics.
| Characteristic | Control (n = 130) | PD (n = 109) | Group difference (test statistic, p) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 69.5 (7.4) | 67.4 (9.9) | t = 1.87, p = 0.063 |
| Sex | 55% f (72 f, 58 m) | 34% f (37 f, 72 m) | χ2 = 10.99, p = 0.001* |
| Height (m) | 1.68 (0.10) | 1.70 (0.08) | t = −1.05, p = 0.294 |
| Body mass (kg) | 78.3 (14.9) | 78.8 (15.4) | t = −0.28, p = 0.782 |
| GDS-15 | 1.3 (2.0) | 2.6 (2.2) | U = 4,077, p < 0.001* |
| Education (years) | 14 (4) | 13 (4) | U = 3,723, p = 0.373 |
| NART | 117 (8) | 115 (11) | U = 6,650, p = 0.483 |
| MoCA⊢ | 27 (2) | 25 (4) | U = 2,601, p ≤ 0.001* |
| MMSE | 29 (1) | 29 (1) | U = 5,047, p ≤ 0.001* |
| Sit to stand (s) | 12.1 (3.4) | 14.1 (4.7) | U = 4,841, p ≤ 0.001* |
| Single leg stance (s) | 16.2 (11.4) | 13.8 (10.8) | U = 6,382, p = 0.185 |
| ABC (0-100) | 92.7 (9.5) | 82.2 (19.5) | U = 4,880, p ≤ 0.001* |
| MDS-UPDRS III (0–132) | - | 25.0 (10.3) | - |
| H&Y stage n (%) | - | I 26 (23.9%); II 65 (59.6%); III 18 (16.5%) | - |
| n (%) who report FOG | - | 11 (10.1%) | - |
| LEDD (mg/day) | - | 175 (132) | - |
| ADS (total summed score) | - | 0.7 (1.3) | - |
Notes: BMI, Body Mass Index; GDS-15, Geriatric Depression Scale; NART, National Adult Reading Test; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; ABC, Activities-specific Balance Confidence; MDS-UPDRS III, Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; H&Y, Hoehn& Yahr; FOG, Freezing of Gait; LEDD, Levodopa Equivalent Daily Dose; ADS, Anticholinergic Drug Scale. ⊢indicates a smaller sample size; - indicates PD specific metrics not collected for control participants; control n = 73, PD n = 104. *p < 0.05.