Table 2.

Modeled change in gait characteristics over 72-months for control and Parkinson’s disease (PD) participants.

		Controls			PD		Group × Time interaction			LEDD × Time interaction
	Δ per year	p	95% CI	Δ per year	p	95% CI	β	P	95% CI	β	p	95% CI
Pace
Step velocity (m/s)	−0.0053	0.046*	−0.0105, −0.0002	−0.0124	0.004*	−0.0208, −0.0042	−0.0068	0.158	−0.0163, 0.0026	7.4 × e−6	0.415	−10.4 × e−6, 25.2 × e−6
Step length (m)	−0.0047	<0.001*	−0.0068, −0.0026	−0.0092	<0.001*	−0.0131, −0.0054	−0.0044	0.035*	−0.0085, −0.0003	−0.7 × e−6	0.855	−7.7 × e−6, 6.4 × e−6
Swing time sd (ms)	0.0113	0.893	−0.1583, 0.1767	0.3968	0.016*	0.0752, 0.7239	0.3755	0.031*	0.0345, 0.7187	−0.6 × e−3	0.301	−1.7 × e−3, 0.5 × e−3
Variability
Step time sd (ms)	−0.0265	0.773	−0.2066, 0.1559	0.5131	0.007*	0.1491, 0.8958	0.5198	0.009*	0.1320, 0.9129	−0.3 × e−3	0.535	−1.4 × e−3, 0.7 × e−3
Stance time sd (ms)	−0.0041	0.976	−0.2699, 0.2620	0.4574	0.061	−0.0199, 0.9461	0.4826	0.075	−0.0486, 1.0187	−0.9 × e−3	0.283	−2.4 × e−3, 0.7 × e−3
Step velocity sd (m/s)	−0.0001	0.708	−0.0006, 0.0004	0.0007	0.107	−0.0001, 0.0016	0.0009	0.060	−0.00003, 0.0019	0.01 × e−6	0.993	−2.6 × e−6, 2.6 × e−6
Step length sd (m)	0.0003	0.002*	0.0001, 0.0005	0.0009	<0.001*	0.0005, 0.0013	0.0006	0.004*	0.0002, 0.0010	−0.2 × e−6	0.759	−1.4 × e−6, 1.1 × e−6
Rhythm
Step time (ms)	−0.9841	0.160	−2.369, 0.3882	−1.789	0.007	−3.049, −0.529	−0.8069	0.353	−2.503, 0.8897	−2.1 × e−3	0.363	−6.6 × e−3, 2.5 × e−3
Swing time (ms)	−0.9276	0.006*	−1.579, −0.287	−2.039	<0.001*	−3.095, −0.992	−1.1013	0.068	−2.2846, 0.0831	−0.7 × e−3	0.669	−4.3 × e−3, 2.8 × e−3
Stance time (ms)	−0.9378	0.418	−3.231, 1.342	−1.385	0.183	−3.418, 0.694	−0.3487	0.806	−3.131, 2.462	−4.0 × e−3	0.235	−10.7 × e−3, 2.7 × e−3
Asymmetry
Step time asy (ms)	0.4435	0.020*	0.0731, 0.8213	−0.6508	0.239	−1.736, 0.451	−1.0796	0.054	−2.176, 0.0238	−0.8 × e−3	0.556	−3.7 × e−3, 2.0 × e−3
Swing time asy (ms)	0.2557	0.069	−0.0202, 0.5304	−0.8137	0.042*	−1.594, −0.027	−1.0142	0.012*	−1.803, −0.2214	−0.4 × e−3	0.704	−2.4 × e−3, 1.6 × e−3
Stance time asy (ms)	0.2213	0.145	−0.0786, 0.5190	−0.7502	0.052	−1.505, 0.011	−0.8782	0.027*	−1.653, −0.0997	−0.6 × e−3	0.564	−2.6 × e−3, 1.5 × e−3
ostural Control
Step length asy (m)	0.0008	0.025*	−0.0001, −0.0014	0.0009	0.125	−0.0002, −0.0020	0.0002	0.813	−0.0011, 0.0014	0.1 × e−6	0.959	−3.0 × e−6, 3.1 × e−6
Step width (m)	0.0007	0.027*	0.0001, 0.0013	0.0009	0.014*	0.0002, 0.0017	0.0002	0.650	−0.0007, 0.0012	0.6 × e−6	0.632	−1.8 × e−6, 2.9 × e−6
Step width sd (m)	−0.0001	0.290	−0.0003, 0.0001	0.0008	<0.001*	0.0004, 0.0012	0.0009	<0.001*	0.0005, 0.0013	1.6 × e−6	<0.001*	0.7 × e−6, 2.5 × e−6

Notes All models were adjusted for baseline age and sex. asy, asymmetry; sd, standard deviation (gait variability). *p < 0.05.