Figure 2.

Substance use and psychopathology correlates by opioid misuse motive category in older adults (N = 415). Source: 2015–2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health surveys. Comparisons are between the pain relief only group (reference; N = 267) and either the non–pain relief only group (unshaded; N = 63) or the mixed motive group (shaded; N = 85); the point captures the odds ratio, with 95% confidence intervals included as error bars. * = p < 0.05, ** = p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. SUD = substance use disorder.