Figure 2.

Integrated approaches to precision vaccinology. Discovery and development of precision vaccines may include a series of sequential approaches including system biology analysis of biosamples from clinical trials to define vaccine-induced cellular and molecular signatures that correlate with immunogenicity, thereby generating new mechanistic hypotheses; use of human in vitro systems for hypothesis testing and targeted adjuvant discovery employing population-specific biosamples, selection of appropriate animal models and clinical trials in specific vulnerable populations.