Table 2.

The therapeutic effects of apigenin on pancreatic cancer.

Dose (s)	Target gene (s)	Model	Type of cell line	Effect (s)	References
0 to 100 μM	GLUT-1	In vitro	CD18, S2-013	Reduces glucose uptake	Melstrom et al., 2008
50 μM	Cdc6, Cdt1, and MCM7	In vitro	CD18, S2013	Anti-tumor effects	Salabat et al., 2008
6 to 50 μM	P53	In vitro	Panc1, PaCa44	Overcomes the chemo-resistance	Gilardini Montani et al., 2019
25 mg/kg	Ikaros/ CK2α protein	In vitro, in vivo	Panc02	Anti-tumor effects	Nelson et al., 2017
50 μg/kg	Extracellular matrix proteins collagen 1A1 and fibronectin, transforming growth factor-beta, and interleukin-6	In vitro, in vivo	PSCs	Anti-tumor effects	Mrazek et al., 2015
0 to 80 μm	Caspase-3	In vitro	AsPc-1, Panc-1, MiaPaCa-2	Deceases the cancer cell growth, Induces apoptosis	Wu et al., 2014
23 and 12 μM; 71 and 41 μM	Glycogen synthase kinase-3β/nuclear factor kappa B	In vitro	BxPC-3, PANC-1	Anti-tumor effects	Johnson and Gonzalez de Mejia, 2013
0 to 50 μM	nuclear GSK-3β and NF-κB, p65	In vitro	BxPC-3	Induces apoptosis, Increases anti-proliferative effects	Johnson and Gonzalez de Mejia, 2013
50 μmol/L	β-AR	In vitro	BxPC-3 and MIA PaCa-2	Anti-tumor effects	Pham et al., 2012
1 to 100 μM	Bcl-XL, PUMA, and p53	In vitro	BxPC-3, MiaPaCa-2	Anti-tumor effects, Induces apoptosis	King et al., 2012
0 to 50 μM	HIF-1α, GLUT-1, and VEGF	In vitro	CD18 and S2-013	Decreases angiogenesis, and glucose uptake	Melstrom et al., 2011
25 μM	pAkt and NF-JB	In vitro	CD18 and AsPC-1	Inhibits cell proliferation	Strouch et al., 2009
6.25 to 100 μM	cyclin A, cyclin B, phosphorylated	In vitro	cdc2 and cdc25	Inhibits cell growth	Ujiki et al., 2006
0.1 to 10 μM	NAG-1 and p53	In vivo	HCT-116 cells	Decreases cell growth	Yang et al., 2014