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. 2020 Oct 15;11:579346. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.579346

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Copyright © 2020 Lange, Bauer, Futschik, Waiblinger and Lürzel.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Means of heart rate variability parameters RMSSD (A), SDNN (B), RMSSD/SDNN (C), HF (D), LF (E), and LF/HF (F) of heifers (n = 26), calculated across the three trials per treatment and depicted according to treatment (white = “live,” gray = “playback”) and phase (PRE = pre-stimulus, STIM = stimulus, POST = post-stimulus). The black line indicates the estimated means of the models. Statistics for LMMs: significant interaction of condition and phase for SDNN (B), RMSSD/SDNN (C), HF (D), p < 0.05.