Table 3.
Key Findings from Intersectional Studies (n = 6).
| Authors (Year) |
Intersection Groups | Purchasing Outcomes Examined | Key Findings ‡ | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F&V | WG | SS | Dess. | SSB | Bev | HEI | Kcals | Nutri. | Other | |||
| Cullen (2007) |
Race x SES | X | X | X | X | X | Interactions between ethnicity of participant (Hisp versus non-Hispanic [NHW and NHB combined]) and SES (highest education of household: high school graduate or less versus some college or more) were explored. No significant interactions were identified for purchasing (percent of total grocery dollar spent on category) of fruit, vegetables, salty snacks, cakes/pies/desserts, candy, carbonated and sweetened drinks, 100% fruit juice, and water. | |||||
| Grummon (2017) | Race x SES | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | Interactions between race/ethnicity of the head of household (NHW, Hisp, NHB, NHO) and SES (SNAP participant, income-eligible nonparticipant, higher income nonparticipant) were explored. After adjusting for multiple comparisons, no significant interactions were identified for purchasing (kcal/capita/day) of fruit, vegetables, salty snacks, desserts and sweet snacks, candy and gum, SSBs, 100% juice, total energy, sugar, saturated fat, and sodium. | |||
| Grummon (2018) | Race x SES | X | X | X | X | X | Differences by race/ethnicity (NHW, NHB, Hisp) tested in models stratified by SES (SNAP participant v. non-participant with household income <250% FPL). Significant race/ethnicity differences varied across SES: Among non-participants and comparing to NHW (ref), NHB had significantly less purchasing (kcals/capita/day) of desserts and sweet snacks and salty snacks and Hisp had less purchasing of desserts and sweet snacks and candy but more purchasing of sodium (mg/capita/day); no significant differences by race/ethnicity occurred for these outcomes among SNAP participants. Among SNAP participants and comparing to NHW, NHB had more purchasing of overall kcals and Hisp less purchasing of sugar (g/capita/day); no significant differences by race/ethnicity occurred for these outcomes among non-participants. Remaining outcomes (SSBs and saturated fat) either did not have significant differences across race/ethnicity or significant differences by race/ethnicity were in the same direction across SES groups. | |||||
| Palmer (2019) |
Race x SES | X | Proportion of purchasers compared to non-purchasers for specific market basket items examined across SES (household income <200% FPL [low] v. > 200% FPL [high]) and race (White, Black) and ethnicity (Hispanic) groups. Among White high income, there were significantly more purchasers than non-purchasers of canned/bottled peaches and potatoes; no significant differences identified among White low income. Among Black high income, there were significantly fewer purchasers than non-purchasers for potatoes; no significant difference identified among Black low income. Remaining outcomes (frozen broccoli) and groups (e.g., Hisp of low or high income) either did not have significant differences or were in the same direction across SES groups. | |||||||||
| Poti (2016) |
Race x SES | X | Interactions between race/ethnicity (NHW, Hisp, NHB) and SES (household income: <USD 25,000 [low], USD 25,000–USD 49,999, USD 50,000–USD 74,999 and > USD 75,000 [high]) were tested for other outcomes: Proportion of purchases (% of kcals) by 4 categories of degree of processing (minimally-, basic-, moderately- and highly-processed [HP]) and 3 categories of ready-to-eat (requires cooking, ready-to-heat, ready-to-eat [RTE]). Small, though significant, differences identified for basic-processed and requires cooking. Basic-processed food-only purchases: NHB and Hisp had greater purchasing than NHW at low-income; at high income, differences narrowed and purchasing was more similar across groups. Requires-cooking food-only purchases: NHB and Hisp greater purchasing than NHW at low-income; at high income, differences narrowed and purchasing was similar across groups. No other significant interactions reported. | |||||||||
| Vadiveloo (2020) |
Race x SES | X | Interactions between race/ethnicity of primary respondent (NHW, NHB, Hisp, NHO) and family SES (<130% of FPL, 130–349% ≥350%) were explored. No significant interaction was identified for the overall quality of food-at-home purchases as measured by HEI-2015 total score. | |||||||||
Note: SES, socioeconomic status; NHW, non-Hispanic White; NHB, non-Hispanic Black; Hisp, Hispanic; NHO, non-Hispanic Other following author definition; SNAP, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; FPL, Federal poverty limit; F&V, fruits and/or vegetables; WG, whole grains; SS, Salty Snacks; Dess., desserts, sweet snacks and candy; SSB, sugar-sweetened beverages; Bev, non-sweetened beverages; HEI, healthy eating index; Kcals, kilocalories; Nutri., sugar, saturated fat, and/or sodium; Other, other purchasing outcomes of interest; ref, reference group in modeling; HP, highly-processed; RTE, ready-to-eat; g, grams; mg, milligrams. ‡ Findings present results from adjusted models unless otherwise noted. Significant results follow the authors’ definition (e.g., some use Bonferroni correction). Underline-bold highlights purchasing outcomes of interest in this review. Underline-italics indicates when results for kilocalories/energy density, sugar, saturated fat, sodium, or other category was examined among food purchases and beverage purchases separately.