Table 2.

Knowledge gaps in the association of biomarkers and racial disparities in stroke in the U.S.

How can inflammation (IL-6) mediate the impact of traditional risk factors and social determinants of health (stress, diet, health behavior, isolation) on racial disparities in stroke?

How does IL-6 affect stroke-related tissues and organs? How does it relate to racial disparities in stroke?

How do biomarkers, in particular IL-6, affect racial differences in risk factor incidence?

How will the interaction of multiple thrombotic markers impact racial disparities in stroke?

How do stress markers (markers of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and other neuroendocrine markers) impact racial disparities in stroke?

Does Lp(a) inhibition reduces the excess burden of stroke in Black people?

Can newer mouse strains be developed to better assess biological mechanisms of stroke disparities?

To what extent do socioecononomic status and social determinants of health contribute to racial disparities in stroke? How do they interact with biomarkers of stroke to increase racial disparities?

To what extent are racial disparities due to genetic factors? Do these genetic determinants interact with traditional risk factors, socioecononomic status, social determinants of health and other non-traditional risk factors to increase racial disparities in stroke?

Abbreviations: IL-6: interleukin-6; SLp(a); Lipoprotein(a)