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Two scenarios of ES39 evolution illustrated by the tree of life topology. (A) Parallel independent growth of the ES39 region between Asgard archaea and Eukarya with a three-helical ES39 in LAECA. (B) Shared ancestry of three-helical ES39 between Asgard and Eukarya. Ribosomes of extant species are shown in the middle and past phylogenetic relationships extend up and down following the two scenarios. ES sizes are exaggerated for illustrative purposes.
