Table 2.
Multivariable (MV)-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the associations of sleep duration with all-cause and disease-specific mortality
| Sleep Duration, h/day | Death/Person-year | Weighteda Death/Person-year | HR (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MV-adjustedb | MVb + self-rated healthc | MVb + self-rated health + metabolic syndromed | |||
| All-cause mortality | |||||
| ≤ 4 | 102/7177 | 420,860/39,161,266 | 1.05 (0.79–1.39) | 0.99 (0.75–1.32) | 1.00 (0.75–1.32) |
| 5–6 | 338/66,585 | 1,542,062/443,499,465 | 0.91 (0.76–1.09) | 0.90 (0.75–1.08) | 0.90 (0.75–1.09) |
| 7–8 | 431/93,979 | 2,039,248/637,540,363 | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) |
| ≥ 9 | 157/13,699 | 701,830/89,456,218 | 1.47 (1.15–1.87) | 1.38 (1.08–1.76) | 1.37 (1.08–1.75) |
| Cancer mortality | |||||
| ≤ 4 | 29/7177 | 96,071/39,161,266 | 0.75 (0.47–1.18) | 0.71 (0.45–1.14) | 0.72 (0.45–1.14) |
| 5–6 | 119/66,585 | 500,703/443,499,465 | 0.83 (0.60–1.14) | 0.82 (0.60–1.14) | 0.83 (0.60–1.14) |
| 7–8 | 159/93,979 | 730,251/637,540,363 | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) |
| ≥ 9 | 45/13,699 | 203,146/89,456,218 | 1.30 (0.86–1.98) | 1.24 (0.81–1.89) | 1.23 (0.81–1.88) |
| Cardiovascular mortality | |||||
| ≤ 4 | 18/7177 | 69,771/39,161,266 | 0.73 (0.41–1.30) | 0.68 (0.38–1.20) | 0.67 (0.38–1.20) |
| 5–6 | 72/66,585 | 359,165/443,499,465 | 1.04 (0.72–1.50) | 1.02 (0.70–1.49) | 1.04 (0.71–1.53) |
| 7–8 | 100/93,979 | 398,680/637,540,363 | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) |
| ≥ 9 | 26/13,699 | 135,659/89,456,218 | 1.27 (0.73–2.21) | 1.19 (0.68–2.06) | 1.20 (0.69–2.10) |
aWeighted deaths and person-years were estimated by accounting for complex sampling design (strata, cluster, sampling weight)
bMV-adjusted model included age (in month, as time metameter), sex (male, female), marital status (married, divorced/separated/widowed, never married), education (less than high school, high school, college or higher), occupation (non-physical labor, physical labor, unemployed), household income (quartiles), region (rural, urban), smoking status (never, former, current), physical activity (< 10, ≥10 MET-h/wk), body mass index (< 18.5, 18.5–22.9, 23.0–24.9, ≥25.0 kg/m2), and alcohol drinking (glass/day)
cAdditionally included self-rated health (very good, good, fair, poor)
dAdditionally included self-rated health (very good, good, fair, poor) and metabolic syndrome (present, absent, missing)
Note: All models were accounted for complex sampling design (sampling weight, cluster, strata)
Abbreviations: CI confidence interval, HR hazard ratio, MV multivariable