Table 1.
Descriptive and clinical characteristics at baseline
| Full sample (N = 400) | HCMC sample (N = 200) | REP sample (N = 200) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age: Mean (SD) | 57.9 (12.8) | 54.2 (9.6) | 61.6 (14.5) |
| Female: N (%) | 199 (50%) | 99 (50%) | 100 (50%) |
| Race: N (%) | |||
| White / Caucasian | 191 (48%) | 33 (17%) | 158 (79%) |
| Black / AA | 147 (37%) | 131 (66%) | 16 (8%) |
| Mixed race | 18 (5%) | 12 (6%) | 6 (3%) |
| Native American | 16 (4%) | 15 (8%) | 1 (< 1%) |
| Asian | 11 (3%) | 2 (1%) | 9 (5%) |
| Other | 12 (3%) | 7 (4%) | 5 (3%) |
| Unknown | 5 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (3%) |
| Hispanic ethnicity: N (%) | 14 (4%) | 7 (4%) | 7 (4%) |
| Married / living with partner: N (%) | 152 (38%) | 26 (13%) | 126 (63%) |
| College educated: N (%) | 229 (57%) | 77 (39%) | 152 (76%) |
| Annual income: N (%) | |||
| < $20,000 | 203 (51%) | 170 (85%) | 33 (17%) |
| $20,000 - $39,000 | 60 (15%) | 24 (12%) | 36 (19%) |
| $40,000 - $59,000 | 35 (9%) | 2 (1%) | 33 (17%) |
| $60,000 - $79,999 | 30 (8%) | 0 (0%) | 30 (15%) |
| $80,000 - $99,000 | 19 (5%) | 0 (0%) | 19 (10%) |
| $100,000 or more | 39 (10%) | 3 (2%) | 36 (18%) |
| Missing | 14 (4%) | 1 (< 1%) | 13 (7%) |
| Number of diagnoses: Median (range) | 5.0 (2–13) | 5.0 (2–13) | 5.0 (2–11) |
| Types of conditions: N (%) | |||
| Hypertension | 243 (61%) | 127 (64%) | 116 (58%) |
| Diabetes (Type 1 or 2) | 215 (54%) | 113 (57%) | 102 (51%) |
| Low back disordera | 208 (52%) | 106 (53%) | 102 (51%) |
| Depression | 208 (52%) | 124 (62%) | 84 (42%) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 190 (48%) | 75 (38%) | 115 (58%) |
| Arthritis | 167 (42%) | 68 (34%) | 99 (50%) |
| Substance abuse | 144 (36%) | 122 (61%) | 22 (11%) |
| Anxiety | 137 (34%) | 86 (43%) | 51 (26%) |
| Cancer | 74 (19%) | 22 (11%) | 52 (26%) |
| Cardiac arrhythmia | 74 (19%) | 28 (14%) | 46 (23%) |
| Vision problems | 70 (18%) | 0 (0%) | 70 (35%) |
| Coronary artery disease | 64 (16%) | 22 (11%) | 42 (21%) |
| Asthma | 58 (15%) | 58 (29%) | 0 (0%) |
| Headache | 55 (14%) | 38 (19%) | 17 (9%) |
| COPD | 49 (12%) | 25 (13%) | 24 (12%) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 47 (12%) | 23 (12%) | 24 (12%) |
| Hearing problems | 34 (9%) | 0 (0%) | 34 (17%) |
| Hepatitis | 26 (7%) | 20 (10%) | 6 (3%) |
| Congestive heart failure | 24 (6%) | 12 (6%) | 12 (6%) |
| Osteoporosis | 18 (5%) | 4 (2%) | 14 (7%) |
| Crohn’s disease | 11 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 11 (6%) |
| Psoriasis | 10 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 10 (5%) |
| HIV | 2 (< 1%) | 2 (1%) | 0 (0%) |
| Weekly medication adherence: N (%) | |||
| Always take all my medications | 275 (69%) | 120 (60%) | 155 (78%) |
| Usually take all my medications | 95 (24%) | 57 (29%) | 38 (19%) |
| Sometimes take all my medications | 22 (6%) | 18 (9%) | 4 (2%) |
| Missing | 8 (2%) | 5 (3%) | 3 (2%) |
| Number of poor physical health days in past 30 days: Mean (SD)b | 10.7 (10.2) | 13.3 (10.0) | 8.1 (9.7) |
| Number of poor mental health days in past 30 days: Mean (SD)b | 9.6 (10.1) | 11.9 (10.2) | 7.3 (9.5) |
| Number of days of limited activity due to poor physical or mental health in past 30 days: Mean (SD)b | 8.5 (10.0) | 11.6 (10.3) | 5.4 (8.6) |
aIncludes osteopathic conditions such as disc displacement/degeneration, spondylosis, spinal stenosis, sciatica, and post-laminectomy syndromes. bCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, Healthy Days measure. SD standard deviation, HCMC Hennepin County Medical Center (Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA), REP Rochester Epidemiology Project (Olmsted County, Minnesota, USA)