Table 1. Characteristics of the included studies.

Study/Country	Participants	Intervention
Cardon et al. 17 /Belgium	n=78 Age (years)=9.93 in EG and 11.10 in CG Sex=35 M, 43 F	CG=No intervention; EG=Postural education, exercises taught to the children, sessions, and provision of materials for parents and teachers Basis of the educational program: Literature on biomechanics and the German Back School Duration: Six 60-minute sessions, with a one-week interval between sessions; Follow-up: Three months
Cardon et al. 18 /Belgium	n=363 Age (years)=9.8 in EG and 10.3 in CG Sex=171M, 192 F	CG=No intervention; EG=Postural education; information session for parents and teachers, and teachers requested to be present in all sessions Basis of the educational program: Literature on biomechanics and the German Back School Duration: Six 60-minute sessions, with one-week intervals between sessions; Follow-up: One year.
Cardon et al. 21 /Belgium	n=706 Age (years)=10 (±0.6 in EG and ±0.7 in CG) Sex=401 M, 305 F	CG=No intervention; EG=Postural education, sessions, and provision of materials for parents and teachers, teachers present in all sessions Basis of educational program: Previous studies 17 Duration: Six 60-minute sessions, with one-week intervals between sessions; Follow-up: Three months and one year
Cardon et al. 22 /Belgium	n=603 Age (years)=9.7±0.7 Sex=289 M, 314 F	CG=No intervention; EG=Postural education; EG+PA=Postural education and physical activity program Basis of the educational program: Previous studies 18 , 21 Duration: Six sessions with one-week intervals between sessions; Follow-up: None
Dullien et al. 19 /Germany	n=176 Age (years)=10.5±0.4 Sex=76M, 100 F	CG=No intervention; EG=Five lessons on back care (provided material), posture awareness training and improvement in the classroom, and back and abdominal muscle exercises at the beginning of each lesson Duration: One year; Follow-up: None
Kovacs et al. 16 /Spain	n=497 Age (years)=8 Sex=260M, 237 F	CG=No intervention; EG=The professor was advised only to relay the comic story about the spine to each student Basis of the educational program: “Back Book” Duration: One session; Follow-up: Three months
Vidal et al 20 /Spain	n=145 Age (years)=10.72±0.672 Sex=52.8% M, 48.2% F	CG=No intervention; EG=Four theoretical educational sessions and two practical ones Basis of the educational program 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 Duration: Six sessions; Follow-up: Three months

EG: experimental group; CG: control group; PA: physical activity; SD: standard deviation; M: male; F: female; n: sample number; min.: minutes.