Table 5.
Epigenetic therapeutic strategies in AD.
| Therapeutic strategies | Model | Main findings | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dnmt3a2 (DNA methyltransferase) | Aged mice | The raise Dnmt3a2 level in the hippocampus of aged mice enhanced cognitive ability | (160) |
| Betaine(a methyl donor) | Male ddY strain mice | Betaine treatment ameliorate memory deficit | (161) |
| S-adenosylmethionine(SAM, a methyl donor) | TgCRND8 mice | SAM reduced the Aβ production and improved the memory | (162) |
| Alcohol extracts from G. lucidum | APP/PS1 AD model mice | It increased methylation regulators and improved memory | (163) |
| B vitamin | AD patients and mild cognitive impairment patients | It resulted in hypermethylation of NUDT15 and TXNRD1 and better cognitive performance | (164) |
| Folic acid | Participants who tend to decline with age | The supplementation of folic acid improved cognitive functions | (165) |
| Resveratrol | SAMP8 mice | It promoted cognitive decline in the SAMP8 mice offspring | (166) |
| UNC0642 | 5XFAD mouse model | It inhibited the methyltransferase activity G9a/GLP and restored cognition | (167) |
| Trichostatin A | AD mouse model | It restored contextual freezing performance | (100) |
| Valproic acid (VPA, a histone deacetylase inhibitor) | APPswe/PS1ΔE9 (APP/PS1) transgenic mice | VPA decreased Aβ deposition and increased memory ability | (168) |
| Sodium phenylbutyrate (a histone deacetylase inhibitor) | 5XFAD mice | Sodium phenylbutyrate improved memory and spatial learning | (169) |
| M344 (a histone deacetylase inhibitor) | Triple transgenic (APPsw/PS1M146V/TauP301L) mice | M344 lowered the expression of Aβ and prevent cognitive decline | (170) |
| Mercaptoacetamide-based class II HDACi and a hydroxamide-based class I and II HDACi | 3xTg AD mice | They reduced Aβ levels in vitro and rescued memory loss | (171) |
| Vorinostat | Primary human brain tissue | It decreased PU.1 expression and was associated with lower AD risk | (172) |
| RGFP-966 | AD mice model | It improved cognitive functions | (173) |
| CBP/p300 (an activator of histone acetyltransferase) | 3xTg-AD mice | CBP/p300 extended the recent memory duration | (174) |
| The inhibitors of euchromatic histone methyltransferases | FAD mouse model | It decreased histone hyper-methylation and cognitive functions | (175) |
| Short-interfering RNA | AD mice models | It decreased the expression of BACE1 | (176) |
| RNA interference | AD mice models | It downregulated the expression of APP, PSEN1, PSEN2 | (177) |
| MicroRNA-384 mimic | SH-SY5Y cells | MicroRNA-384 mimic downregulated the expression of APP and BACE1 | (178) |
| Anti-microRNA-146a-base treatment | AD mouse model | It improved cognitive functions in AD | (179) |
| Inhibitor of microRNA-34c | AD mice models | It could enhance the memory ability | (180) |
| Knockdown of BACE1-AS by lentivirus | SAMP8 mice | It improved learning behaviors and memory | (145) |
| MicroRNA-124 | SH-SY5Y cells | It decreased apoptosis and decreased Aβ-induced viability inhibition | (181) |
HDACi, inhibitor of histone deacetylase; BACE1-AS, BACE1-antisense transcript; NUDT15, nudix hydrolase 15; TXNRD1, thioredoxin reductase 1.