Tab. III.

Households’ WaSH characteristics.

Characteristic	Total (n = 440)	HEAs (n = 228)	LEAs (n = 212)	P-value
	%	%	%
Water characteristics
Main source of drinking water for the household
Piped water in house	53.9	51.3	56.6	P = 0.001*
Bottled water	38.6	36.4	41.5
Others	7.3	12.3	1.9
Main source of water used for other purposes such as cooking and handwashing
Piped water in house	84.3	71.5	98.1	P = 0.001*
Others	15.7	28.5	1.9
Using procedures to make water safer to drink	23.4	19.3	27.8	P = 0.035*
Procedures used to make water safer to drink (total = 103, HEAs = 44, LEAs = 59)
Use water filter	68.9	43.2	88.1	P < 0.001*
Add chlorine tablets	18.4	29.5	10.2	P = 0.012*
Boil the water	11.7	22.7	3.4	P = 0.002*
Strain it through cloth	7.8	15.9	1.7	FEP = 0.020*
Others	3.9	9.1	0.0	FEP = 0.031*
Reasons for not treating drinking water before use (total = 337, HEAs = 184, LEAs = 153)
Current water source is safe	66.2	68.5	63.4	P = 0.326
No money	13.1	17.4	7.8	P = 0.010*
No time	11.9	7.1	17.6	P = 0.003*
No chlorine	3.0	5.4	0.0	FEP = 0.002*
Cannot tolerate chlorine taste/smell	2.4	0.5	4.6	FEP = 0.018*
Other reasons	3.6	2.2	5.2	P = 0.113
Treatment of water tanks	53.9	53.7	54.1	P = 0.921
Sanitation characteristics
Having flush toilet	44.6	28.2	62.3	P < 0.001*
Having public sewerage network	76.1	61.8	91.5	P < 0.001*
Hygiene characteristics
Practising regular hand washing	88.9	92.5	84.9	P = 0.011*
Hand washing occasions
Before eating	95.9	93.8	98.1	P = 0.023*
After eating	94.5	92.0	97.2	P = 0.018*
After using the toilet	83.3	73.9	93.4	P < 0.001*
Before cooking	36.3	37.6	34.9	P = 0.556
After cleaning the home	18.7	15.5	22.2	P = 0.073
After washing/cleaning tables	15.1	22.6	7.1	P < 0.001*
After cleaning the child	11.0	14.2	7.5	P = 0.027*
Others	8.7	5.3	12.3	P = 0.010*

*: statistically significant.