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. 2020 Oct 28;10:18521. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-74719-0

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Bacterial load in human milk of healthy mothers and mothers suffering lactational mastitis. Plots show means with standard errors. (a) Bacterial load, as inferred from qPCR of the 16S rRNA gene of the bacterial DNA. (b) Active bacterial load, as inferred from qPCR of the 16S rRNA gene of the bacterial RNA (cDNA). Controls_t0, (n = 24); Controls_t1, (n = 23); Mastitis_t0, (SAM, n = 24; AM, n = 3); Mastitis_t1, (SAM, n = 19; AM, n = 3). t0, samples collected during the course of mastitis symptoms, or first sample collected in healthy controls; t1, samples collected after the clinical symptoms disappeared, or samples collected from healthy controls one week after the first sample collection. Acute Mastitis samples are represented with white triangles in the graph. **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001, non-parametric Kruskal Wallis test. Created in GraphPad Prism 5 v5.04 (www.graphpad.com).