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. 2020 Oct 28;10:18461. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-74558-z

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparison of HIV-1 variants in the study cohort (2016–2018) versus LANL sequences from the DRC (1976–2012) and Kinshasa (1983–2008). (A) Comparison of HIV-1 variants in the study cohort from Kinshasa (2016–2018) versus DRC sequences available in LANL (1976–2012). (B) Comparison of data between study cohort and LANL. (C) Evolution of pure subtypes and recombinants forms in the DRC by periods of time during 1983–2018. Panel C excludes pol sequences from the DRC sampled during 1977–1982, 1986, 1995, 2009, 2010, 2013–2015, due to their absence in LANL database. We clustered all sequences sampled during 1983–1994 as an “early period” to avoid biases due to the non-representative number of pol sequences each year within that period. Panels B and C exclude 214 LANL sequences from the DRC with unknown sampling time collected before 2012. (D) Comparison of HIV-1 variants distribution circulating in Kinshasa during 1983–2008 versus 2016–2018. For analysis we used the 181 pol sequences with available GenBank accession number from samples collected in that city during 1983–2008 versus the new 165 pol sequences collected during 2016–2018 reported in this study. Cpx, complex; CRF, circulating recombinant form; URF, unique recombinant form. *p value < 0.05.