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. 2020 Oct 28;10:18415. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-75621-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Interactive roles of ghrelin and GLP-1 on the vagal afferent nerve activity and Fos expression in NG, NTS, and hypothalamic ARC. (A) Representative records of gastric vagal afferent discharge rates in the upper panel. GLP-1 administration after ghrelin to rats did not activate gastric vagal afferent activity (n = 3). (B) Ghrelin administration after GLP-1 to rats did not attenuate gastric vagal afferent activity (n = 3). (C) Representative fluorescence images of GLP-1-induced Fos expression (red) in the NG neurons (green) in response to the saline, GLP-1 and GLP-1 after ghrelin in mice (n = 3). (D) Average percentage of Fos-positive neurons in LNG and RNG. GLP-1 induced Fos expression in the NG neurons. Ghrelin preadministration 30 min before GLP-1 significantly attenuated GLP-1-induced Fos expression in the NG neurons. (E,F) Representative fluorescence images of GLP-1- or ghrelin-induced Fos expression (green) in the NTS (E) and ARC (F) neurons (red). Ghrelin preadministration 30 min before GLP-1 significantly attenuated GLP-1-induced Fos expression in the NTS. GLP-1 preadministration 30 min before ghrelin significantly attenuated ghrelin-induced Fos expression in the ARC (n = 4). Magnified photographs represent Fos expression in the neurons (yellow in white box). CC, central canal; 3 V, third ventricle. Scale bars (C,E), 50 µm. All values are means ± SE. ***P < 0.001, *P < 0.05.