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. 2020 Oct 28;10:18452. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-75455-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Plasma density-dependent features of ion acceleration: (a, b) shadowgram images of plasma at a temporal delay of 20 ps. The white arrow indicates the laser propagation direction. The bright light ahead of the arrow originates from the plasma scattered light. (c, d) Kinetic energy spectra of helium and protons. In (e, f) the ratio of kinetic energy (E) per charge (q) between proton and helium in red and ratio of maximum velocity (v_max) between proton and helium in blue are shown at different plasma densities. (a, c, e) correspond to the plasma density of n_e = 2.3 × 10²⁰ cm⁻³, whereas (b, d, f) correspond to higher plasma density n_e = 4.2 × 10²⁰ cm⁻³. The two bright spots on the top section of (b) originate from the reflection from the nozzle tip.