Table 3.
Stratified results for gestational age change (d) per 5 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 levels in the third trimester by neonatal sex, maternal age at delivery, maternal race, maternal education, and high versus low 10th temperature
| Percentile | 2.5th | 10th | 25th | 50th | 75th | 90th | 97.5th |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neonatal sex | |||||||
| Male | −5.0 (−6.1, −3.9) | −2.2 (−2.6, −1.8) | −1.3 (−1.5, −1.1) | 0.00 (−0.20, 0.20) | 0.00 (−0.10, 0.10) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 0.00 (−0.49, 0.49) |
| Female | −3.4 (−4.4, −2.4) | −1.7 (−2.1, −1.3) | −0.90 (−1.1, −0.70) | 0.00 (−0.10, 0.10) | 0.00 (−0.10, 0.10) | −0.63 (−0.92, −0.34) | 0.00 (−0.49, 0.49) |
| Maternal age at delivery | |||||||
| <35 yrs | −4.7 (−5.6, −3.8) | −2.0 (−2.3, −1.7) | −1.2 (−1.4, −1.0) | 0.00 (−0.10, 0.10) | 0.00 (−0.10, 0.10) | 0.00 (−0.29, 0.29) | 0.00 (−0.20, 0.20) |
| ≥35 yrs | −2.9 (−4.5, −1.4) | −1.5 (−2.1, −0.88) | 0.00 (−0.39, 0.39) | 0.00 (−0.20, 0.20) | 0.00 (−0.29, 0.29) | −0.61 (−1.0, −0.22) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) |
| Maternal race | |||||||
| African American | −7.2 (−10, −4.2) | −3.6 (−4.8, −2.4) | −1.6 (−2.2, −1.0) | −1.1 (−1.5, −0.74) | −0.86 (−1.3, −0.47) | 0.00 (−0.20,0.20) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) |
| White | −3.7 (−4.5, −2.9) | −1.7 (−2.0, −1.4) | −1.1 (−1.3, −0.94) | 0.00 (−0.10, 0.10) | 0.00 (−0.10, 0.10) | −0.60 (−0.89, −0.31) | 0.00 (−0.39, 0.39) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | −3.4 (−6.4, −0.47) | −1.7 (−2.7, −0.70) | −0.94 (−1.4, −0.45) | 0.00 (−0.39, 0.39) | 0.00 (−0.39, 0.39) | 0.00 (−0.49, 0.49) | 0.00 (−0.69, 0.69) |
| Other nonmissing | −2.8 (−6.1, 0.58) | −1.8 (−2.8, −0.67) | −0.55 (−0.94, −0.16) | 0.00 (−0.29, 0.29) | 0.00 (−0.29, 0.29) | 0.00 (−0.20,0.20) | 0.68 (0.09,1.3) |
| Native American | 10 (−5.6, 27) | 0.88 (−3.8, 5.6) | −2.7 (−5.6, 0.24) | −1.4 (−3.5, 0.66) | −2.3 (−4.5, −0.16) | 0.64 (−1.5, 2.8) | 0.00 (−2.3, 2.3) |
| Maternal education | |||||||
| ≤High school | −3.8 (−4.7, −2.9) | −1.7 (−2.0, −1.4) | −1.2 (−1.4, −1.0) | 0.00 (−0.10, 0.10) | −0.73 (−0.83, −0.63) | 0.00 (−0.10, 0.10) | 0.00 (−0.39, 0.39) |
| >High school | −4.6 (−6.2, −3.0) | −2.2 (−2.8, −1.6) | −1.1 (−1.4, −0.81) | 0.00 (−0.20, 0.20) | 0.00 (−0.29, 0.29) | 0.00 (−0.39, 0.39) | 0.00 (−0.49, 0.49) |
| High versus low temperature | |||||||
| Highest 10th (≥21°C) | −10 (−13, −8.0) | −7.8 (−8.8, −6.8) | −5.4 (−5.9, −4.9) | −3.7 (−4.0, −3.4) | −3.0 (−3.3, −2.7) | −2.6 (−2.9, −2.3) | −1.7 (−2.0, −1.4) |
| Lowest 10th (≤−0.59°C) | −6.8 (−9.2, −4.3) | −5.9 (−6.0, −4.0) | −3.7 (−4.2, −3.2) | −2.4 (−2.8, −2.0) | −1.9 (−2.3, −1.5) | −1.4 (−1.8, −1.0) | 0.00 (−0.29, 0.29) |
Adjusted for individual covariates, contextual variables, season of conception, and calendar year described in Methods section. Point estimates (95% confidence interval) for each percentile are reported here. High versus low temperature stratified analyses were only conducted for 2004–2015 due to data availability for temperature.