Table 1. General characteristics of subjects included for analysis.
| Hypertension | P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Yes | No | |||||
| N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
| Grip strength | < .0001 | ||||||
| Low | 868 | 25.7 | 391 | 45.1 | 477 | 55.0 | |
| Middle Low | 916 | 27.1 | 382 | 41.7 | 534 | 58.3 | |
| Middle High | 759 | 22.4 | 280 | 36.9 | 479 | 63.1 | |
| High | 840 | 24.8 | 282 | 33.6 | 558 | 66.4 | |
| Relative Grip Strength | < .0001 | ||||||
| Low | 882 | 26.1 | 419 | 47.5 | 463 | 52.5 | |
| Middle Low | 833 | 24.6 | 376 | 45.1 | 457 | 54.9 | |
| Middle High | 851 | 25.2 | 305 | 35.8 | 546 | 64.2 | |
| High | 817 | 24.2 | 235 | 28.8 | 582 | 71.2 | |
| Education level | 0.243 | ||||||
| ≤ Elementary school | 2,339 | 69.1 | 905 | 38.7 | 1,434 | 61.3 | |
| Middle school | 368 | 10.9 | 157 | 42.7 | 211 | 57.3 | |
| High school | 470 | 13.9 | 182 | 38.7 | 288 | 61.3 | |
| ≥ College | 206 | 6.1 | 91 | 44.2 | 115 | 55.8 | |
| Gender | < .0001 | ||||||
| Male | 1,527 | 45.1 | 527 | 34.5 | 1,000 | 65.5 | |
| Female | 1,856 | 54.9 | 808 | 43.5 | 1,048 | 56.5 | |
| Age | 0.004 | ||||||
| 65–69 | 1,343 | 39.7 | 486 | 36.2 | 857 | 63.8 | |
| 70–74 | 990 | 29.3 | 400 | 40.4 | 590 | 59.6 | |
| ≥85 | 1,050 | 31.0 | 449 | 42.8 | 601 | 57.2 | |
| Residential region | 0.275 | ||||||
| Metropolitan | 600 | 17.7 | 254 | 42.3 | 346 | 57.7 | |
| Urban | 870 | 25.7 | 341 | 39.2 | 529 | 60.8 | |
| Rural | 1,913 | 56.6 | 740 | 38.7 | 1,173 | 61.3 | |
| National health insurance | 0.015 | ||||||
| Health insurance | 3,109 | 91.9 | 1,208 | 38.9 | 1,901 | 61.2 | |
| Medical aid | 274 | 8.1 | 127 | 46.4 | 147 | 53.7 | |
| MMSE | 0.813 | ||||||
| Dementia | 464 | 13.7 | 184 | 39.7 | 280 | 60.3 | |
| Cognitive decline | 853 | 25.2 | 344 | 40.3 | 509 | 59.7 | |
| Normal | 2,066 | 61.1 | 807 | 39.1 | 1,259 | 60.9 | |
| Smoking status | < .0001 | ||||||
| Smoker | 2,428 | 71.8 | 1,031 | 42.5 | 1,397 | 57.5 | |
| Former smoker | 408 | 12.1 | 151 | 37.0 | 257 | 63.0 | |
| Never | 547 | 16.2 | 153 | 28.0 | 394 | 72.0 | |
| Alcohol use | 0.726 | ||||||
| Never | 3,071 | 90.8 | 1,209 | 39.4 | 1,862 | 60.6 | |
| Former Drinker | 312 | 9.2 | 126 | 40.4 | 186 | 59.6 | |
| Drinker | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | |
| Labor | < .0001 | ||||||
| Yes | 642 | 19.0 | 197 | 30.7 | 445 | 69.3 | |
| No | 2,741 | 81.0 | 1,138 | 41.5 | 1,603 | 58.5 | |
| BMI | < .0001 | ||||||
| Thin | 220 | 6.5 | 51 | 23.2 | 169 | 76.8 | |
| Moderate | 2,023 | 59.8 | 700 | 34.6 | 1,323 | 65.4 | |
| Overweight | 848 | 25.1 | 409 | 48.2 | 439 | 51.8 | |
| Obese | 292 | 8.6 | 175 | 59.9 | 117 | 40.1 | |
| Heart disease | < .0001 | ||||||
| Yes | 254 | 7.5 | 149 | 58.7 | 105 | 41.3 | |
| No | 3,129 | 92.5 | 1,186 | 37.9 | 1,943 | 62.1 | |
*MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination.
*Grip strength values: Low-1.250~16.475, Middle Low-16.50~21.00, Middle High-21.025~28.225, High-28.250~84.300.
*Relative grip strength values: Low-0.000~0.709, Middle Low-0.709~0.925, Middle High-0.925~1.239, High-1.239~4.303.