Table 2. Adjusted effect of grip strength on hypertension.
| Hypertension | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Male | Female | ||||||||||
| OR | 95% CI | P-value | OR | 95% CI | P-value | OR | 95% CI | P-value | ||||
| Grip strength | ||||||||||||
| Low | 1.238 | 1.096 | 1.397 | 0.001 | 1.446 | 1.155 | 1.812 | 0.001 | 1.684 | 1.252 | 2.265 | 0.001 |
| Middle Low | 1.104 | 0.990 | 1.231 | 0.076 | 1.069 | 0.911 | 1.255 | 0.413 | 1.584 | 1.180 | 2.126 | 0.002 |
| Middle High | 1.024 | 0.934 | 1.122 | 0.618 | 1.035 | 0.932 | 1.150 | 0.515 | 1.482 | 1.099 | 1.999 | 0.010 |
| High | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||||||
| Education level | ||||||||||||
| ≤ Elementary school | 0.894 | 0.786 | 1.017 | 0.088 | 0.852 | 0.733 | 0.989 | 0.035 | 1.021 | 0.761 | 1.369 | 0.893 |
| Middle school | 1.114 | 0.968 | 1.282 | 0.132 | 1.024 | 0.868 | 1.208 | 0.777 | 1.382 | 1.013 | 1.885 | 0.041 |
| High school | 1.124 | 0.981 | 1.287 | 0.091 | 1.228 | 1.054 | 1.430 | 0.008 | 0.958 | 0.698 | 1.316 | 0.792 |
| ≥ College | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||||||
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Male | 0.880 | 0.795 | 0.975 | 0.014 | ||||||||
| Female | 1.000 | |||||||||||
| Age | ||||||||||||
| 65–69 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||||||
| 70–74 | 1.268 | 1.175 | 1.369 | < .0001 | 1.219 | 1.087 | 1.367 | 0.001 | 1.307 | 1.179 | 1.450 | < .0001 |
| ≥85 | 1.601 | 1.479 | 1.733 | < .0001 | 1.490 | 1.323 | 1.679 | < .0001 | 1.700 | 1.527 | 1.892 | < .0001 |
| Residential region | ||||||||||||
| Metropolitan | 1.125 | 1.032 | 1.227 | 0.007 | 1.104 | 0.971 | 1.256 | 0.132 | 1.158 | 1.030 | 1.301 | 0.014 |
| Urban | 0.953 | 0.888 | 1.023 | 0.183 | 0.899 | 0.807 | 1.000 | 0.051 | 1.004 | 0.913 | 1.103 | 0.942 |
| Rural | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||||||
| National health insurance | ||||||||||||
| Health insurance | 0.740 | 0.656 | 0.834 | < .0001 | 0.637 | 0.526 | 0.771 | < .0001 | 0.823 | 0.706 | 0.960 | 0.013 |
| Medical aid | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||||||
| MMSE | ||||||||||||
| Dementia | 1.166 | 1.052 | 1.292 | 0.004 | 1.110 | 0.901 | 1.368 | 0.328 | 1.162 | 1.029 | 1.312 | 0.015 |
| Cognitive decline | 1.062 | 0.986 | 1.143 | 0.113 | 1.004 | 0.891 | 1.131 | 0.946 | 1.088 | 0.989 | 1.197 | 0.082 |
| Normal | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||||||
| Smoking status | ||||||||||||
| Smoker | 1.421 | 1.279 | 1.579 | < .0001 | 1.496 | 1.329 | 1.684 | < .0001 | 1.145 | 0.889 | 1.473 | 0.295 |
| Former smoker | 1.369 | 1.224 | 1.532 | < .0001 | 1.398 | 1.240 | 1.575 | < .0001 | 1.121 | 0.761 | 1.652 | 0.564 |
| Never | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||||||
| Alcohol use | ||||||||||||
| Never | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||||||
| Former Drinker | 1.077 | 0.919 | 1.263 | 0.359 | 1.348 | 1.020 | 1.782 | 0.036 | 1.026 | 0.782 | 1.345 | 0.854 |
| Drinker | 1.267 | 1.082 | 1.484 | 0.003 | 1.519 | 1.155 | 1.998 | 0.003 | 1.368 | 1.053 | 1.777 | 0.019 |
| Labor | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.795 | 0.738 | 0.856 | < .0001 | 0.776 | 0.702 | 0.858 | < .0001 | 0.794 | 0.711 | 0.887 | < .0001 |
| No | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||||||
| BMI | ||||||||||||
| Thin | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||||||
| Moderate | 1.882 | 1.629 | 2.175 | < .0001 | 2.115 | 1.680 | 2.664 | < .0001 | 1.728 | 1.431 | 2.086 | < .0001 |
| Overweight | 3.219 | 2.766 | 3.747 | < .0001 | 3.784 | 2.972 | 4.819 | < .0001 | 2.827 | 2.319 | 3.445 | < .0001 |
| Obese | 5.318 | 4.474 | 6.321 | < .0001 | 6.720 | 5.047 | 8.949 | < .0001 | 4.557 | 3.658 | 5.676 | < .0001 |
| Heart disease | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 2.027 | 1.829 | 2.246 | < .0001 | 2.058 | 1.762 | 2.404 | < .0001 | 1.981 | 1.727 | 2.273 | < .0001 |
| No | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||||||
| Year | ||||||||||||
| 2006 | 0.686 | 0.619 | 0.761 | < .0001 | 0.661 | 0.565 | 0.773 | < .0001 | 0.691 | 0.601 | 0.794 | < .0001 |
| 2008 | 0.807 | 0.728 | 0.894 | < .0001 | 0.793 | 0.679 | 0.927 | 0.004 | 0.805 | 0.701 | 0.925 | 0.002 |
| 2010 | 0.949 | 0.856 | 1.053 | 0.326 | 0.932 | 0.798 | 1.089 | 0.375 | 0.955 | 0.830 | 1.099 | 0.518 |
| 2012 | 1.000 | 0.903 | 1.107 | 0.996 | 1.003 | 0.861 | 1.168 | 0.974 | 0.989 | 0.862 | 1.135 | 0.876 |
| 2014 | 1.055 | 0.923 | 1.207 | 0.431 | 1.024 | 0.867 | 1.208 | 0.784 | 1.081 | 0.835 | 1.400 | 0.555 |
| 2016 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||||||
| QIC | 25,266 | 11,227 | 14,075 | |||||||||
* BMI–body mass index.
* MMSE–mini-mental state examination.
* QIC–quasi-information criterion.