Table 1.
Patient characteristics and univariate analysis of septic vs control patients
| Septic (n = 58) | Controls (n = 28) | p value | Total (n = 86) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics and comorbidities | ||||
| Sex - male | 42 (71.4) | 16 (57.1) | 0.157 | 58 (67.4) |
| Age ≥ 60 years | 18 (31.0) | 17 (60.7) | < 0.01 | 35 (40.7) |
| Age | 55.9 [1.90] | 62.0 [4.20] | 0.051 | 57.4 [1.81] |
| BMI | 27.3 ± 5.5 | 27.4 ± 4.4 | 0.916 | 27.3 ± 5.1 |
| DM2 | 16 (27.6) | 6 (21.4) | 0.540 | 22 (25.6) |
| Arterial hypertension | 25 (43.1) | 18 (64.3) | 0.066 | 43 (50.0) |
| Dyslipidemia | 22 (37.9) | 13 (46.4) | 0.452 | 35 (40.7) |
| Statins use | 19 (32.8) | 11 (39.3) | 0.552 | 30 (34.9) |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 12 (20.7) | 9 (32.1) | 0.247 | 21 (24.4) |
| COPD | 10 (10.7) | 3 (17.2) | 0.529* | 13 (15.1) |
| Autoimmune disease | 5 (8.6) | 0 | 0.168* | 5 (4.8) |
| Smoking habits | 20 (34.5) | 8 (28.6) | 0.584 | 28 (32.6) |
| Coronary disease | 15 (25.9) | 9 (32.1) | 0.543 | 24 (27.9) |
| Hematological cancer | 1 (1.7) | 1 (3.6) | 0.548* | 2 (2.3) |
| HIV | 9 (15.5) | 3 (10.7) | 0.743* | 12 (14.0) |
| Solid neoplasia | 5 (8.6) | 3 (10.7) | 0.712* | 8 (9.3) |
| Clinical variables and severity scores | ||||
| APACHE score | 21.1 [7.6] | 19.1 [5.8) | 0.194 | 20.5 [7.1] |
| SAPS 2 score | 55.2 [21.1] | 55.5 [17.8] | 0.953 | 55.4 [20.0] |
| SOFA score | 10.1 [4.4] | 8.1 [3.3] | 0.035 | 9.5 [4.2] |
| Shock | 29 (50.0) | 9 (32.1) | 0.118 | 38 (44.2) |
| MAP (mm Hg) | 75.2 [1.70] | 81.0 [3.8] | 0.064 | 76.6 [1.60] |
| Ionized calcium (mmol/L) | 1.12 [0.05] | 1.21 [0.03] | 0.693 | 1.15 [0.04] |
| pH | 7.39 [0.01] | 7.42 [0.02] | 0.021 | 7.39 [0.01] |
| PaCO2 (mm Hg) | 36.9 [1.19] | 40.0 [2.89] | 0.628 | 37.6 [1.14] |
| Bicarbonate (mmol/L) | 21.7 [0.56] | 25.6 [1.36] | < 0.01 | 22.3 [0.56] |
| Potassium (mEq/L) | 4.02 [0.08] | 3.7 [0.96] | 0.013 | 3.91 [0.60] |
| Temperature‡ (Celsius) | 36.8 [0.25] | 36.8 [0.15] | 0.905 | 36.8 [0.13] |
| Respiratory rate‡ (beats/minute) | 19.6 [0.77] | 17.5 [1.0] | 0.153 | 19.1 [0.64] |
| CRP (mg/L) | 102.2 [12.89] | 69.3 [15.4] | 0.102 | 97.3 [13.5] |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 2.1 [2.2] | 1.4 [0.5] | 0.022 | 2.5 [2.5] |
| Noradrenaline (mcg/kg/minute) | 0.25 [0.50] | 0.13 [0.21] | 0.105 | 0.38 [0.59] |
| Mortality (28th day) | 14 (24.1) | 7 (25.0) | 0.999 | 21 (24.4) |
| Biomarkers and PAT evaluation | ||||
| Ln_endocan (pg/mL) | 7.07 ± 0.85 | 7.27 ± 0.58 | 0.403 | 7.11 ± 0.79 |
| Ln_syndecan-1 (pg/mL) | 8.61 ± 0.58 | 8.44 ± 0.53 | 0.298 | 8.57 ± 0.57 |
| Ln_E-selectin (pg/mL) | 10.79 ± 0.84 | 10.19 ± 0.56 | 0.011 | 10.66 ± 0.82 |
| Endothelin-1 (pg/mL) | 5.28 ± 3.59 | 5.80 ± 3.14 | 0.880 | 5.69 ± 3.47 |
| Ln_RHI | 0.53 ± 0.48 | 0.69 ± 0.42 | 0.122 | 0.58 ± 0.46 |
| Diagnosis | ||||
| Neurological | Meningitis: 8 (13.7) Other: 2 (3.4) |
Intracranial hemorrhage: 6 (21.4) Status epilepticus: 4 (14.3) Other: 2 (7.1) |
- | 22 (25.6) |
| Pleuropulmonary and cardiovascular | Pneumonia: 17 (29.3) | Myocardial infarction: 5 | - | 22 (25.6) |
| Intra-abdominal | Peritonitis: 5 (8.6) Pyelonephritis: 4 (6.9) Other: 2 (3.4) |
GI Neoplasia: 2 (7.1) Pancreatitis: 2 (7.1) Ischemic colitis: 1 (3.6) |
- | 16 (27.6) |
| Skin and soft tissue | NF: 1 (1.7) | - | - | 1 (1.2) |
| Systemic | Malaria: 10 (17.2) Bacteremia: 6 (10.3) Chickenpox: 2 (3.4) Tuberculosis: 1 (1.7) |
Hemorrhagic shock: 3 (10.7) Polytrauma: 2 (7.1) Leukemia: 1 (3.6) |
- | 25 (29.0) |
| Confirmed microbiology | 43 (74.1) | - | - | - |
| Positive blood cultures | 24 (41.4) | - | - | - |
| Causative organism | - | - | - | |
| Gram-positive bacteria | 10 (17.2) | |||
| Gram-negative bacteria | 10 (17.2) | |||
| Atypical bacteria | 3 (5.2) | |||
| Mycobacteria | 2 (3.4) | |||
| Protozoa | 10 (17.2) | |||
| Virus | 4 (6.9) | |||
| Fungus | 3 (5.2) | |||
BMI - body mass index; DM2 - diabetes mellitus II; COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; APACHEII - Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation II; SAPS 2 - Simplified Acute Physiology Score 2; SOFA - Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; MAP - mean arterial pressure; PaCO2 – partial pressure of carbon dioxide; CRP - C-reactive protein; PAT - peripheral arterial tonometry; Ln - natural logarithm; NF - necrotizing fasciitis; RHI - reactive hyperemia index.
*
Fischer exact test. Results expressed as n (%), mean ± standard deviation or median [interquartile range].