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Collective motion of bacteria in a dense suspension. (a) Numerical simulation of collective swimming of prolate squirmers in a monolayer suspension. Yellow arrows, velocity vectors; and gray lines, orientations. The areal fraction of cells is 0.3, and the cells are pushers (β = −0.3). (Problem settings are identical to Kyoya et al., 2015.). (b) Trajectories of tracer particles in a dense E. coli suspension. Scale bar, 50 μm. (Settings are identical to Ishikawa et al., 2011.)
