Table 1.
Co-morbidities associated with spinal epidural abscess
| Author | Type of study | No. of patients | DM (%) | Immunocompromised (%) | Malignancy (%) | ESRD (%) | HIV (%) | IVDA (%) | Alcohol (%) | BMI >35 kg/m2 | Distal infection (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alton et al. [68] (2015) | Single institutional retrospective review-cervical SEA only (7 yr) | 62 | 21 | - | - | 6.5 | - | 53.2 | - | 3.2 | |
| Arko et al. [28] (2014) | PubMed search (15 yr) | 429 | 26.9 | - | - | 12.0a) | - | 21.6 | 13.1 | - | - |
| Artenstein et al. [7] (2016) | 10-yr, retrospective, tertiary-care, regional, academic medical center | 162 | 30.4 | 6.8 | 6.0 | 1.6 | 14.8 | 15.2 | 17.2 | ||
| Connor et al. [16] (2013) | Retrospective review of patient charts (11 yr) | 77 | 26.3 | 12.3 | 1.8 | 19.3 | 1.8 | 38.6 | |||
| Ju et al. [103] (2015) | Single institutional retrospective review non-contiguous abscess (18 yr) | 233 | 25.8 | 16.7 | - | - | - | 18.5 | 17.6 | - | - |
| Karikari et al. [42] (2009) | Retrospective, single institution (10 yr) | 104 | 33.6 | 9.6 | - | 19.2 | - | 1.92 | 4.8b) | - | 10.6c) |
| Kim et al. [72] (2014) | Single institutional retrospective review (18 yr) | 355 | 26 | 15 | 16 | - | - | 20 | 22 | - | - |
| Ma et al. [48] (2012) | Retrospective, single institution (24 yr) | 35 | 3 | 3 | |||||||
| Shah et al. [44] (2018) | Single institutional retrospective review | 1,053 | 23 | 14 | 7.5 | 4.2 | 2.0 | 18 | 17 | 13 (>30 kg/m2) | 29.2 |
| Shweikeh et al. [47] (2017) | Retrospective, single institution | 106 | 35.8 | 13.2 | 30.2 | 21.7 | |||||
| Spernovasilis et al. [71] (2017) | Retrospective, single institution (medical treatment only) | 21 | 42.9 | 23.8 | 23.8 | ||||||
| Suppiah et al. [66] (2016) | PubMed review (25 yr) | 1,843 | 27.6 | 11.2 | 12.2 | 13.2d) | 23.2 | 15.1 | 30.6e) | ||
| Vakili et al. [8] (2017) | Single institutional retrospective review non-contiguous abscess (10 yr) | 101 | 26.7 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 5.0 | |||||
| Ziu et al. [9] (2014) | Retrospective, single institution; all history of intravenous drug use (8 yr) | 102 | 7 | 2 | 3 | 100 | 12 | 9.8 |
DM, diabetes mellitus; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IVDA, intravenous drug abuse; BMI, body mass index (kg/m2); SEA, spinal epidural abscess.
The specific listing of co-morbidities in the literature cited:
a)
Renal.
b)
Alcoholic or viral cirrhosis included.
c)
Endocarditis only distal infection included.
d)
Chronic kidney disease.
e)
Other sources and endocarditis combined.