Table 2.
Microbiology
| Study | Staphylococcus aureus | MSSA | MRSA | Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (such as epidermidis) | Streptococcus species | Gram-negative bacteria | Polymicrobial | None isolated | Other | Mycobacterium spp. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alton et al. [68] (2015) | 70.9 | 38.6 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 17.7 | - | - | 16.3 | 1.6a) | - |
| Arko et al. [28] (2014) | 63.6 | 38.9 | 19.9 | 7.5 | 6.8 | 8.1 | 4.9 | 13.9 | ||
| Avanali R [104] (2016) | 69.6 | 34.8 | 30.4 | 4.3 | 13.0 | 8.7 | ||||
| Baker et al. [4] (1975) | 53.8 | 7.6 | 12.8 | 10.3 | 12.8 | 2.6b) | - | |||
| Connor et al. [16] (2013) | 61.1 | 29.9 | 31.2 | 2.6 | 9.1 | 20.8 | 1.3 | |||
| Grewal S [105] (2006) | 74.8c) | 7 | 2.4 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 1.4d) | 1.1 | |||
| Karikari et al. [42] (2009) | 60.6 | 31.8 | 28.8 | 9.6 | 4.8 | 10.6 | 11.5 | 2.9e) | - | |
| Kim et al. [72] (2014) | 74.6 | 51.3 | 16.9 | 6.4 | 11.8 | 4.5 | 5.6 | 7.9 | 3.7 | - |
| Ma et al. [48] (2012) | 53.8 | - | - | - | 15.3 | 7.6 | - | 62.9f) | ||
| Patel et al. [10] (2014) | 70 | 40 | 30 | 4 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 10 | 5 | - |
| Reihsaus et al. [3] (2000) | 73.1 | - | - | 4.6 | 7.7 | 4.9 | 3.3 | 8.1 | 0.12 | |
| Sendi et al. [20] (2008) | 60 | 4.5 | 14 | 16.5 | <1 | |||||
| Shah et al. [44] (2018) | 54 | 40 | 14 | 5.6 | 9.9 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 17 | 4.7g) | 1.3 |
| Shweikeh et al. [47] (2017) | 43.75 | 12.5 | 31.25 | 6.25 | 18.75 | 18.75 | - | 12.5 | - | |
| Spernovasilis et al. [71] (2017) | 35 | 19 | 14.3 | 15 | 10 | 20 | 0 | 10 | 0 | |
| Suppiah et al. [66] (2016) | 64.1 | 43.6 | 20.5 | 8.0 | 9.0 | 3.3 | - | 12.5 | 4.6h) | - |
| Vakili et al. [8] (2017) | 59.4 | 43.6 | 15.8 | 13.9i) | 4.9 | 3.0 | 16.8 | 2.0j) | ||
| Ziu et al. [9] (2014) | 40 | 23 | - | - | 6 | 11 | 5 | 10 | - | - |
Values are presented as %.
MSSA, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus ; MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Listing of specific entities as listed in the literature cited:
Clostridium glabrata.
Diplococcus pneumoniae.
Includes Staphylococcus aureus/epidermidis/mitis/sp., coagulase-negative staphylococci.
Neisseria, Acinetobacter, Brucella sp., Clostridium, Actinomyces, Propionibacterium, Nocardia; parasites 0.36%.
Fungi 13%.
Fungal 1.7, parasites 0.15.
Anaerobe, Enterococcus, and other organisms (Candida in 0.66% of cases).
Includes Anaerobe, Enterococcus (4.6%), and other organisms (Candida in 3% of cases).
Including mixture of Streptococci, Enterococci, and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus.
Including Brucella and Propionibacterium acnes.