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. 2020 Oct 29;10:18618. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-74524-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Division of cities in China by socioeconomic development level and the locations of provincial capitals; (b) Changes in annual mean PM_2.5 concentrations between the year 2000 and 2014; (c) LISA cluster maps for PM_2.5 changes at the city level; High-high indicates a statistically significant cluster of high PM_2.5 level changes over the study period. Low-low indicates a cluster of low PM_2.5 inter-annual variation; No high-low cluster is reported; Low–high represents cities with high PM_2.5 inter-annual variation surrounded by cities with low variation; (d) Population level by cities in the year 2014. Maps were produced by ArcGIS 10.7.1⁸⁵.