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Models of action for extracellular AMP activity. (A) Carpet model: accumulation of AMPs on the surface and then destroy the cell membrane in the manner of “detergent”. (B) Barrel stave model: AMPs aggregate with each other and are inserted into the bilayer of the cell membrane in the form of multimers and arrange parallel to the phospholipids, then form a channel. (C) Toroidal pore model: accumulation of AMPs vertically embed in the cell membrane, and then, bend to form a ring hole.
