Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristic findings of eligible participants
| PTSD (N=20) | Trauma-exposed (N=23) | Control (N=21) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 67.85 (8.54)* | 63.96 (13.35) | 59.86 (10.90) | 0.036 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.66 (2.98) | 25.89 (3.73) | 25.71 (3.33) | 0.454 |
| Education | 11.74 (3.00) | 13.27 (2.33) | 12.40 (3.63) | 0.29 |
| PSQI | 9.37 (3.77) | 9.78(4.10) | 7.11 (4.12) | 0.085 |
| SSS | 3.42 (1.46)* | 3.05 (1.17) | 2.25 (1.16) | 0.005 |
| ESS | 7.63 (5.08) | 10.48 (5.43)* | 6.67 (4.90) | 0.045 |
| ISI | 13.26 (6.68)* | 11.39 (6.65) | 6.40 (7.32) | 0.003 |
| DBAS | 6.39 (1.85)* | 5.59 (1.74) | 4.52 (1.74) | 0.007 |
| BDI | 19.68 (11.91)* | 12.83 (8.61)* | 7.05 (6.13) | 0.001 |
| Cormobidity | ||||
| Cardiovascular ds | 11 (57.9) | 18 (78.3) | 11 (55.0) | 0.217 |
| Neurologic ds | 4 (21.1) | 2 (8.7) | 1 (5.0) | 0.315 |
| Pulmonary ds | 3 (15.8) | 2 (8.7) | 1 (5.0) | 0.575 |
| Gastrointestinal ds | 7 (36.8) | 10 (43.5) | 4 (20.0) | 0.254 |
| Endocrine ds | 8 (42.1) | 13 (56.5) | 4 (20.0) | 0.051 |
| Urological ds | 13 (68.4) | 14 (60.9) | 9 (45.5) | 0.315 |
| Other psychiatric ds | 15 (78.9) | 4 (17.4) | 1 (5.0) | <0.001 |
| Medication | ||||
| Antidepressants | 16 (80.0) | 4 (17.4) | 2 (9.5) | <0.001 |
| Benzodiazepines | 14 (70.0) | 4 (17.4) | 3 (14.3) | <0.001 |
| Antipsychotics | 9 (45.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| Reason for PSG | 0.006 | |||
| Dream enactment behavior | 11 (55.0) | 4 (17.4) | 5 (23.8) | |
| Snoring/apnea | 6 (30.0) | 19 (82.6) | 15 (71.4) | |
| Others | 3 (15.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.3) |
Data are presented as mean (SD) or N (%).
*
vs control group, p<0.05.
PTSD: posttraumatic stress disorder, BMI: Body Mass Index, PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, SSS: Stanford Sleepiness Scale, ESS: Epworth Sleepiness Scale, ISI: Insomnia Severity Index, DBAS: Korean version–Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep Questionnaire-16, K-DBAS-16, BDI: Beck Depression Inventory-II, ds: disease, PSG: polysomnography