Table 3.

Pooled effect sizes concerning the effects of direct exposure to pandemic emergency.

Outcome	N direct exposure	N control subjects	N studies	dw (95%CI)	Q (df)	I2	Egger’s coefficient(95% bootstrap CI)
Overall psychiatric symptoms	271	761	3	.07 (−.11–.26)	.16 (2)	.00%	.58 (NE); ns
PTSD symptoms	624	1,948	7	.30 (.21–.39)***	27.41 (6)**	72.05%	1.56 (−25.28–10.39); ns
Depression and anxiety symptoms	638	1,571	3	.66 (.46–.85)***	2.93 (2)	31.78%	2.15 (NE); ns

**p <.01; ***p<.001; NE, not estimated.