Boyce et al. [45] |
2011 |
Clostridium difficile aerobic colony counts were calculated for each of 5 standardized high-touch surfaces in the rooms before and after UV light decontamination (UVLD) |
The mobile UV-C light unit significantly reduced aerobic colony counts and C. difficile spores on contaminated surfaces in patient rooms |
Nerandzic et al. [46] |
2010 |
Cultures for C. difficile, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) were collected from commonly touched surfaces before and after the use of an automated ultraviolet radiation device |
Efficient environmental disinfection technology that significantly reduces C. difficile, VRE, and MRSA contamination on commonly touched hospital surfaces |
Conner-Kerr et al. [47] |
1998 |
UV light (254 nm, 15.54 mW/cm2 output). Irradiation times were 0, 2, 5, 8, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, or 120 seconds in killing antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis in vitro |
Kill rates were 99.9 percent for the methicillin-resistant strain of S. aureus (MRSA) at 5, 8, 15, 30, 45, and 60 seconds and 100 percent at 90 and 120 seconds. Kill rates were 99.9 percent at 5, 8, 15, and 30 seconds for vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis (VRE) and 100 percent at 45, 60, 90, and 120 seconds |
Setlow et al. [48] |
1993 |
Irradiated groups of five 6-day-old fish with narrow wavelength bands at 302, 313, 365, 405, and 436 nm and scored the irradiated animals for melanomas 4 months later |
The light energy absorbed in melanin is effective in inducing melanomas in this animal model and that, in natural sunlight, 90-95% of melanoma induction may be attributed to wavelengths >320 nm—the UV-A2 and visible spectral regions |
Welch et al. [49] |
2018 |
Far-UVC light (207-222 nm) efficiently inactivates bacteria without harm to exposed mammalian skin |
Far-UVC efficiently inactivates aerosolized viruses, with a very low dose of 2 mJ/cm2 of 222 nm light inactivating >95% of aerosolized H1N1 influenza virus |