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. 2020 Oct 29;10:18689. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-75659-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Graphics are showing tissue expression of IL-4, IL-13, TGF-β (percentage per HPF) and M2 macrophages Allred score of COVID-19 and H1N1 groups. Photomicrography is showing alveolar macrophages (arrows) expressing IL-4, IL-13, TGF-β, and Sphingosine-1 (M2 macrophages phenotype) in both groups. Asterisks are showing rests of hyaline membrane forming fibrin plugs (IL-4 and IL-13) and alveolar lumens (TGF-β and Sphingosine-1).