. 2020 Oct 29;10:18689. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-75659-5

Table 2.

Comparison between COVID-19, H1N1, and CONTROL groups according to clinical findings and pathology features.

Data	COVID-19 (N = 6)	H1N1 (N = 10)	Control (N = 11)
Gender	Male (4) 66.6%	Male (8) 80.0%	Male (8) 72.7%
	Female (2) 33.4%	Female (2) 20.0%	Female (3) 27.3%
	0.55*		0.79**
Age (years)^a	76.5/80.5 (53–87)	43.5/44 (23–61)	42.3/45 (18–60)
Age (years)^a	0.005*		0.003**
Time from hospitalization to death (days)^a	12.8/10 (2–32)	4.70/1.5 (1–19)	–
Comorbidities (number of cases)	Hypertension (4/6) Dyslipidemia (1/6) Hypothyroidism (1/6) Class II obesity (2/6) Dementia (2/6) Diabetes mellitus (1/6) Chronic kidney disease (2/6) Coronary disease (2/6)	–	–
Mechanical ventilation^a	9.7/8 (0–21)	4.70/1.5 (1–19)	–
Histological pattern of DAD	Interstitial pneumonitis with scarce septal neutrophils, hyaline membrane, with microthrombosis	Interstitial pneumonitis with high septal neutrophils infiltration, with no microthrombosis	Normal septum
Laboratory test 24 h before death (lymphocytes, mg/dl)^a	1331.50/1045.50 (628.00–3514.00)	–	–
IL-4 tissue expression^a,b	8.26/9.37 (0.71–13.39)	0.54/0.41 (0.19–1.12)	2.84/2.26 (0.23–7.41)
IL-4 tissue expression^a,b	0.003*		0.05**
IL-13 tissue expression^a,b	0.39/0.28 (0.02–1.34)	2.05/1.60 (0.53–5.19)	0.13/0.02 (0.00–0.76)
IL-13 tissue expression^a,b	0.007*		0.07**
TGF-β tissue expression^a,b	3.61/1.55 (0.14–13.53)	3.49/3.12 (0.47–8.88)	3.32/2.18 (0.46–9.92)
TGF-β tissue expression^a,b	0.51*		0.75**
Score of M2 macrophages (Sphingosine-1)^a,c	2.33/2.00 (2.00–3.00)	3.10/3.00 (2.00–4.00)	1.18/1.00 (1.00–2.00)
Score of M2 macrophages (Sphingosine-1)^a,c	0.05*		0.001**

^aAverage/median (Min–Max).

^bTissue expression in percentage per HPF.

^cAllread score in 10 HPF. DAD diffuse alveolar damage.

*p-values obtained were compared between COVID-19 versus H1N1.

**p-values obtained were compared between COVID-19 and CONTROL group; p-values were performed using the non-parametric Mann–Whitney test (p < 0.05).