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. 2020 Oct 29;18:154. doi: 10.1186/s12951-020-00713-3

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 17 — Synthesis of NaYF₄:Yb³⁺,Tm³⁺@TiO₂ and mechanism of aPDT under NIR irradiation. Upon NIR irradiation, the UCNP nucleus converts NIR light into ultraviolet (UV) light and the UV light in turn excites TiO₂ to generate active oxygen, which eventually causes oxidative damage against the microorganisms. (

Copyright 2019. Elsevier. Reproduced with permission.)