Table 2.
Hazard ratios for incident lymphoid neoplasms and other cancer in malaria patients
| Malaria, all sourcesa (N = 4125) | Confirmed malariab (N = 2854) | |||||
| Lymphoid neoplasms among malaria patients, n (%) | Lymphoid neoplasms among comparators, n (%) | HR (95% CI) | Lymphoid neoplasms among malaria patients, n (%) | Lymphoid neoplasms among comparators, n (%) | HR (95% CI) | |
| All | 20 | 304 | 1.24 (0.79–1.94) | 14 | 194 | 1.26 (0.73–2.16) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 13 (65.0) | 210 (69.1) | 1.12 (0.64–1.95) | 9 (64.2) | 142 (73.2) | 1.09 (0.56–2.14) |
| Female | 7 (35.0) | 94 (30.9) | 1.49 (0.69–3.20) | 5 (35.7) | 52 (26.8) | 1.68 (0.67–4.22) |
| Follow-up time (y) | ||||||
| < 5 | 5 (25.0) | 82 (27.0) | 0.91 (0.37–2.24) | 2 (14.3) | 45 (23.2) | 0.64 (0.16–2.65) |
| 5–9 | 5 (25.0) | 78 (25.7) | 1.06 (0.43–2.62) | 4 (28.6) | 48 (24.7) | 1.30 (0.57–3.60) |
| 10–19 | 7 (35.0) | 108 (35.5) | 1.24 (0.58–2.67) | 7 (50.0) | 80 (41.2) | 1.45 (0.67–3.14) |
| 20–30 | 3 (15.0) | 36 (11.8) | 1.38 (0.42–4.51) | 1 (7.1) | 21 (10.8) | 0.86 (0.12–6.43) |
| Years of entry | ||||||
| 1987–1994 | 9 (45.0) | 109 (35.9) | 1.51 (0.77–2.99) | 6 (42.9) | 67 (34.5) | 1.69 (0.73–3.90) |
| 1995–2004 | 6 (30.0) | 155 (51.0) | 0.73 (0.32–1.66) | 5 (35.7) | 103 (53.1) | 0.81 (0.33–2.00) |
| 2005–2015 | 5 (25.0) | 40 (13.2) | 2.29 (0.90–5.80) | 3 (21.4) | 24 (12.4) | 1.90 (0.57–6.33) |
| Region of birth | ||||||
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 6 (30.0) | 25 (8.2) | 1.97 (0.81–4.81) | 6 (42.9) | 21 (10.8) | 2.32 (0.94–5.76) |
| Non/low-endemic | 14 (70.0) | 279 (91.8) | 1.05 (0.61–1.80) | 8 (57.1) | 173 (89.2) | 0.91 (0.45–1.85) |
| Malaria, all sourcesc (N = 4027) | Confirmed malariad (N = 2812) | |||||
| Cancere among malaria patients, n (%) | Cancer among comparators, n (%) | HR (95% CI) | Cancere among malaria patients, n (%) | Cancer among comparators, n (%) | HR (95% CI) | |
| All | 202 | 3933 | 0.89 (0.77–1.02) | 145 | 2559 | 0.98 (0.83–1.16) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 112 (55.5) | 2245 (57.1) | 0.89 (0.74–1.07) | 85 (58.6) | 1522 (59.5) | 1.00 (0.80–1.24) |
| Female | 90 (44.6) | 1688 (42.9) | 0.89 (0.72–1.10) | 60 (41.4) | 1037 (40.5) | 0.94 (0.73–1.23) |
| Follow-up time (y) | ||||||
| < 5 | 44 (21.8) | 947 (24.1) | 0.72 (0.53–0.98) | 27 (18.6) | 498 (19.5) | 0.70 (0.48–1.04) |
| 5–9 | 50 (24.8) | 944 (24.0) | 0.77 (0.58–1.03) | 36 (24.8) | 605 (23.6) | 0.82 (0.59–1.15) |
| 10–19 | 81 (40.1) | 1498 (38.1) | 0.86 (0.69–1.08) | 60 (41.4) | 1077 (42.1) | 0.86 (0.67–1.12) |
| 20–30 | 27 (13.4) | 544 (13.8) | 0.96 (0.65–1.41) | 22 (15.2) | 379 (14.8) | 1.17 (0.76–1.79) |
| Years of entry | ||||||
| 1987–1994 | 79 (39.1) | 1510 (38.4) | 0.99 (0.79–1.24) | 58 (40.0) | 985 (38.5) | 1.16 (0.89–1.51) |
| 1995–2004 | 101 (50.0) | 1939 (49.3) | 0.86 (0.70–1.05) | 77 (53.1) | 1331 (52.0) | 0.94 (0.74–1.18) |
| 2005–2015 | 22 (10.1) | 484 (12.3) | 0.72 (0.47–1.11) | 10 (6.9) | 243 (9.5) | 0.62 (0.33–1.16) |
| Region of birth | ||||||
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 26 (12.9) | 207 (5.3) | 0.99 (0.66–1.50) | 19 (13.1) | 160 (6.3) | 0.93 (0.58–1.49) |
| Non/low-endemic | 176 (87.1) | 3726 (94.7) | 0.92 (0.79–1.07) | 126 (86.9) | 2399 (93.8) | 1.05 (0.87–1.25) |
CI confidence interval, HR hazard ratio, N total number, n number, y years
aPatients with malaria identified by all sources (Public Health Agency, microbiology and infectious disease departments, National Patient Register), without previous lymphoid neoplasms
bPatients with malaria identified by the Public Health Agency or microbiology and infectious disease departments, without previous lymphoid neoplasms
cPatients with malaria identified by all sources (Public Health Agency, microbiology and infectious disease departments, National Patient Register), without previous cancer
dPatients with malaria identified by the Public Health Agency or microbiology and infectious disease departments, without previous cancer
eAll cancers except for non-melanoma skin cancers, leukaemia and lymphoma (ICD-7: 140-190, 192-199)