Table 1.

Resistive heating: typical dimensions of the heated areas, material, power consumption, operating temperature range, resistance, maximum temperature gradient, and reference.

Dimensions (Heater)	Material	P/W	T/${}^{\circ }$C	${\mathit{R}}^{\mathbf{el}}$/$\mathbf{\Omega }$	Max. $\mathbf{Grad}\mathbf{T}$	Ref.
Width × Length × Height/mm${}^3$	Thickness/nm				K/m
5 × 5 × 1 × ${10}^{-4}$	Ti/Pt (10/100)	0.55–2	90–96	-	-	[64]
2 × 40 × 0.025	Silver filled epoxy	0–1.4	23–75	6	0.32 × ${10}^5$	[39,67]
0.02 × 0.02 × 2.45 × ${10}^{-4}$	Cr/Pt/Cr (2/40/3)	0–11 × ${10}^{-3}$	80	1500	-	[68]
1 × 30 × 0.12	lead alloy MCP-96	-	-	-	0.2 × ${10}^5$	[69]
0.02 × 0.4 × 1.5 × ${10}^{-4}$	Au (150)	0.4	49–92	139	6 × ${10}^5$	[70]