Table 5.

Multivariate logistic regression evaluating the independent association of covariates with health literacy (highest vs lower two tertiles of HLQ scores in each domain)

Covariates (Category to which OR applies vs comparator)		HLQ1	HLQ2	HLQ3	HLQ4	HLQ5	HLQ6	HLQ7	HLQ8	HLQ9
		Feel understood and supported by healthcare providers	Have sufficient information to manage my health	Actively managing my health	Have social support for health	Appraise health information	Able to engage with healthcare providers	Navigating healthcare system	Ability to find good health information	Understand health information well enough to know what to do
Population (Patients with ESKD vs patients with CKD)	OR	0.67	0.60	0.80	0.36	0.99	0.84	1.18	1.07	0.95
	95% CI	0.31 to 1.46	0.28 to 1.28	0.37 to 1.76	0.17 to 0.79	0.39 to 2.53	0.40 to 1.77	0.55 to 2.55	0.48 to 2.41	0.45 to 2.01
	P value	0.316	0.188	0.587	0.010	0.992	0.645	0.675	0.867	0.899
Age quartile (Higher quartile vs lower quartiles)	OR	1.12	1.32	1.44	1.17	1.35	1.20	1.33	1.42	1.21
	95% CI	0.81 to 1.54	0.96 to 1.81	1.03 to 2.01	0.85 to 1.60	0.92 to 1.99	0.88 to 1.64	0.97 to 1.83	1.01 to 2.00	0.89 to 1.65
	P value	0.491	0.092	0.033	0.345	0.129	0.257	0.081	0.044	0.232
Sex (Female vs male)	OR	1.88	0.82	0.73	0.94	1.47	0.64	1.11	0.66	0.72
	95% CI	0.92 to 3.85	0.41 to 1.60	0.37 to 1.47	0.47 to 1.88	0.64 to 3.39	0.33 to 1.23	0.57 to 2.18	0.33 to 1.34	0.37 to 1.40
	P value	0.084	0.554	0.383	0.863	0.363	0.175	0.757	0.254	0.339
Education (Lower than 12 years vs higher than 12 years)	OR	1.62	1.28	1.22	1.09	1.87	1.85	1.20	2.60	2.50
	95% CI	0.83 to 3.18	0.66 to 2.48	0.62 to 2.43	0.56 to 2.14	0.84 to 4.16	0.97 to 3.56	0.62 to 2.33	1.29 to 5.25	1.31 to 4.80
	P value	0.157	0.462	0.562	0.791	0.126	0.064	0.581	0.008	0.006
Carer status (Carer not present vs carer present)	OR	1.25	1.86	2.43	1.72	2.86	2.11	2.19	1.84	1.17
	95% CI	0.54 to 2.93	0.78 to 4.42	1.01 to 5.91	0.76 to 3.91	1.03 to 7.95	0.92 to 4.86	0.93 to 5.18	0.74 to 4.57	0.51 to 2.69
	P value	0.599	0.161	0.049	0.196	0.044	0.079	0.074	0.190	0.712
Income (Lower than $A25 000/year vs higher than $A25 000/year)	OR	0.92	1.06	0.65	1.76	0.50	0.64	0.69	0.75	0.91
	95% CI	0.46 to 1.86	0.54 to 2.11	0.32 to 1.34	0.87 to 3.56	0.21 to 1.17	0.33 to 1.26	0.35 to 1.37	0.36 to 1.55	0.46 to 1.77
	P value	0.817	0.862	0.249	0.116	0.111	0.197	0.285	0.430	0.777
Smoking (Current smoker vs current non-smoker)	OR	1.46	2.16	3.06	2.66	2.36	3.07	1.34	1.47	1.56
	95% CI	0.44 to 4.84	0.63 to 7.37	0.77 to 12.17	0.70 to 10.09	0.47 to 11.92	0.81 to 11.63	0.43 to 4.17	0.41 to 5.18	0.47 to 5.24
	P value	0.539	0.221	0.112	0.151	0.298	0.100	0.614	0.553	0.470
Diabetes (Diabetes present vs not present)	OR	0.86	0.89	1.41	0.73	0.78	0.97	1.21	1.53	1.49
	95% CI	0.44 to 1.70	0.45 to 1.73	0.70 to 2.87	0.37 to 1.43	0.35 to 1.76	0.50 to 1.88	0.61 to 2.36	0.74 to 3.17	0.77 to 2.91
	P value	0.671	0.728	0.340	0.355	0.556	0.933	0.586	0.246	0.239
Cognitive impairment category (3MS score <85% vs >85%)	OR	1.15	0.93	0.88	1.15	0.89	1.41	1.04	0.77	1.85
	95% CI	0.43 to 3.06	0.35 to 2.49	0.33 to 2.39	0.42 to 3.11	0.29 to 2.73	0.52 to 3.78	0.39 to 2.80	0.26 to 2.24	0.63 to 5.38
	P value	0.786	0.883	0.803	0.791	0.842	0.500	0.927	0.631	0.261
Executive function (Difference between TMT-B and TMT-A in seconds)	OR	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.99	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
	95% CI	0.99 to 1.01	0.99 to 1.00	0.99 to 1.00	0.99 to 1.00	0.99 to 1.00	0.99 to 1.00	0.99 to 1.01	0.99 to 1.00	0.99 to 1.00
	P value	0.914	0.422	0.147	0.676	0.080	0.400	0.927	0.434	0.568
Depression (Beck inventory score ≥14 vs <14)	OR	2.60	7.87	7.59	3.51	8.94	3.97	4.79	5.28	2.26
	95% CI	1.10 to 6.19	2.93 to 21.12	2.73 to 21.06	1.32 to 7.30	2.52 to 31.61	1.67 to 9.44	1.88 to 12.16	1.95 to 14.27	1.00 to 5.13
	P value	0.030	<0.001	<0.001	0.010	0.001	0.002	0.001	0.001	0.051

p values with a significance level <0.05 are shown in bold format.

CKD, chronic kidney disease; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease; HLQ, Health Literacy Questionnaire; 3MS, modified Mini-Mental State Examination; TMT-A, trail-making test A; TMT-B, trail-making test B.