Table 3.

Data from Published Phase I studies. Data from peer‐reviewed journals or pre‐prints. Data published on company websites not included

Vaccine manufacturer	Safety	Immunogenicity	Reference
University of Oxford/AstraZeneca	Mild/Moderate injection site pain Mild‐Severe systemic adverse reactions including chills, fatigue, malaise and headache, peaking day one, reduced by paracetamol.	Seroconversion with neutralising antibodies, (91% after one dose, 100% after two doses). IFNγ ELISPOT responses detected,.	[165]
Wuhan Institute of Biological Products/Sinopharm	Local reactions in 25% of highest dose (Phase I) Adverse reactions in 6‐19% (Phase II)	Phase I: 95‐100% seroconversion (ELISA and neutralisation). Phase II: 85‐100% seroconversion	[149]
BioNTech/Pfizer	Dose 1: Local reactions in 100% of 30µg (mild‐moderate) and 100µg groups (mild‐severe) Systemic reactions in up to 80% of 100µg (mild‐severe). Dose 2: systemic reactions in 100% of 30µg group (mild‐severe) Similar results seen in second study with same construct (BNT162b1) Comparative study with alternate construct (BNT162b2) showed lower reactogenicity	Seroconversion with neutralising antibodies and ELISA binding Higher response in higher dose group Neutralising antibody increased on booster in 10µg and 30µg groups. Similar results seen in second study with same construct Comparative study with alternative construct had equivalent immunogenicity	[198, 199, 200]
CanSino Biological Inc./Beijing Institute of Biotechnology	Phase I: Local reactions in 54% (mild or moderate) Systemic adverse events in 46 % (mild‐severe) No effect of dose size on effects. Phase II: Adverse reactions in 72%, more severe events in larger dose group (9%). Including injection site pain (56%) and fever (32% in high dose) Adverse effects lower in individuals with pre‐existing anti‐Ad5 antibodies	Phase I: Seroconversion (ELISA binding) 44‐61% after 1 dose, 97‐100% after 2 doses. Seroconversion (Neutralising) 28‐42% after 1 dose, 50‐75% after 2 doses. IFNγ ELISPOT responses detected. Phase II: Seroconversion (Neutralising) 59‐61% after 2 doses. IFNγ ELISPOT responses detected after 2 doses.	[166, 167]
Moderna/NIAID	Systemic adverse events – mild/moderate after first dose, increasing with µg RNA administered. More adverse effects on second dose. All of 250 µg group reported systemic adverse effects after second dose, 21% were severe.	100% seroconversion by after second dose by ELISA and neutralisation. Increase in response from 25 µg to 100µg dose, rough equivalence between 100µg and 250µg dose. Antigen specific T cells detectable, greater in 100µg group than 25µg.	[196]
Sinovac	Low rate of adverse effects – no different to placebo	90% seroconversion reported by ELISA and neutralisation Slight reduction in titre in older groups.	[148]
Gamaleya Research Institute	Mild‐moderate systemic adverse effects (mild fever in 95% of volunteers) for liquid formulation, less for lyophilised. Mild local adverse effects (injection site pain)	100% seroconversion reported by ELISA and neutralisation. Anti‐vector antibodies observed but did not correlate with sero‐conversion or anti‐RBD titre. Antigen specific IFNγ T ELISPOT responses.	[171]
Novavax	Mostly mild systemic adverse effects, some moderate‐severe, increased severity on second dose; headache and fatigue most common. Mild‐moderate local adverse effects (Tenderness and site pain). Increased adverse effects with adjuvant.	100% seroconversion by ELISA in groups with adjuvant, no difference in antibody response between high (25µg) and low (5µg) groups. Boosting effect observed by 2 shots. Neutralisation titres much greater in adjuvanted groups, but only 100% after boost. Subset had T cell responses analysed.	[128]