Table 1.
Comparison between the clinicopathologic features and perioperative outcomes of patients across the 3 patient groups
| Total | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 150 | 50 | 50 | 50 | NA |
| Time interval, months | 147 | 108 | 24 | 15 | NA |
| Median age, years (range) | 62 (18-85) | 57 (20-78) | 61 (18-79) | 66.5 (34-85) | 0.002 |
| Male, n (%) | 77 (51.5) | 27 (54.0) | 22 (44.0) | 28 (56.0) | 0.842 |
| BMI | 22.9 (12.6-40.5) | 24.0 (13.6-35.9) | 22.6 (12.6-32.3) | 22.8 (16.4-40.5) | 0.177 |
| Symptomatic, n (%) | 70 (46.7) | 22 (44.0) | 23 (46.0) | 25 (50.0) | 0.549 |
| Laparoscopic, n (%) | 103 (68.7) | 39 (78.0) | 32 (64.0) | 32 (64.0) | 0.081 |
| Hand assisted, n (%) | 2 (1.3) | 2 (4.0) | 0 | 0 | |
| Robotic assisted, n (%) | 45 (30.0) | 9 (18.0) | 18 (36.0) | 18 (36.0) | |
| Lap assisted (hybrid), n (%) | 22 (14.7) | 1 (2.0) | 17 (34.0) | 4 (8.0) | 0.398 |
| Previous abdominal surgery, n (%) | 38 (25.3) | 13 (26.0) | 10 (20.0) | 15 (30.0) | 0.647 |
| ASA score, n (%) | |||||
| 1 | 23 (15.3) | 12 (24.0) | 10 (20.0) | 1 (2.0) | 0.001 |
| 2 | 100 (66.7) | 32 (64.0) | 34 (68.0) | 34 (68.0) | |
| 3 | 27 (18.0) | 6 (12.0) | 6 (12.0) | 15 (30.0) | |
| Median tumour size, cm (range) | 25.0 (0-14.0) | 25.0 (0-7.5) | 27.5 (0-14.0) | 25.0 (0-9.0) | 0.742 |
| Type of pancreatic surgery, n (%) | |||||
| Distal pancreatectomy | 93 (62.0) | 44 (88.0) | 28 (56.0) | 21 (42.0) | <0.001 |
| Pancreatoduodenectomy | 43 (28.7) | 3 (6.0) | 18 (36.0) | 22 (44.0) | |
| Others | 14 (9.3) | 3 (6.0) | 4 (8.0) | 7 (14.0) | |
| Extended pancreatectomy, n (%) | 10 (6.7) | 1 (2.0) | 5 (10.0) | 4 (8.0) | 0.231 |
| Concomitant surgery (non-cholecystectomy), n (%) | 9 (6.0) | 3 (6.0) | 0 | 6 (12.0) | 0.208 |
| Median operation time, min (range) | 330 (45-930) | 307 (45-685) | 352.5 (75-930) | 397.5 (115-805) | 0.044 |
| Intraoperative blood transfusion, n (%) | 19 (12.7) | 6 (12.0) | 7 (14.0) | 6 (12.0) | 1.000 |
| Median estimated blood loss, ml (range) | 200 (0-4000) | 175 (0-2000) | 200 (0-1700) | 225 (0-4000) | 0.668 |
| Open conversion, n (%) | 21 (14.0) | 14 (28.0) | 0 | 7 (14.0) | 0.044 |
| Completed MIS (no conversion or hybrid), n (%) | 107 (71.3) | 35 (70.0) | 33 (66.0) | 39 (78.0) | 0.378 |
| Median post-operative hospitalisation, days (range) | 7 (1-73) | 6 (3-73) | 7 (3-69) | 7 (1-50) | 0.151 |
| Readmission, n (%) | 30 (20.0) | 10 (20.0) | 6 (12.0) | 14 (28.0) | 0.319 |
| Post-operative morbidity, n (%) | 65 (43.3) | 22 (44.0) | 17 (34.0) | 26 (52.0) | 0.421 |
| Major morbidity (> Grade 2), n (%) | 29 (20.7) | 9 (18.0) | 11 (22.4) | 9 (22.0) | 0.630 |
| Reoperation, n (%) | 9 (6.0) | 1 (2.0) | 3 (6.0) | 5 (10.0) | 0.093 |
| Pancreatic fistula, n (%) | |||||
| Total | 30 (20.0) | 11 (22.0) | 8 (16.0) | 11 (22.0) | 1.000 |
| Grade B | 26 (17.3) | 11 (22.0) | 7 (14.0) | 8 (16.0) | |
| Grade C | 4 (2.7) | 0 | 1 (2.0) | 3 (6.0) | |
| Grade 3/> fistula, n (%) | 19 (12.8) | 9 (18.4) | 5 (10.0) | 5 (10.0) | 0.229 |
| Post-operative bleeding, n (%) | 2 (1.3) | 0 | 1 (2.0) | 1 (2.0) | 0.385 |
| Mortality | |||||
| 30-day, n (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| In-hospital, n (%) | 3 (2.0) | 1 (2.0) | 2 (4.0) | 0 | 0.477 |
| 90-day, n (%) | 4 (2.7) | 1 (2.0) | 2 (4.0) | 1 (2.0) | 1.000 |
BMI: Body mass index, ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists, MIS: Minimally invasive surgery, NA: Not available