(A–C) Using qPCR, Arg1 expression was assessed in total colonic tissue, unseparated LP, IE, and mLNs of naive GF, SPF (with or without application of broad spectrum antibiotics) (A and B), or Il4/Il13–/– mice, and respective WT controls (C). The ratio of Arg1 mRNA copies relative to Hprt copies was calculated in 4–14 individual female mice. The relative increase in Arg1 copy numbers in tissues of naive versus DSS-treated WT mice is displayed. Depending on the number of groups and the distribution of data, data were analyzed using 1-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test for pairwise comparisons if the former was significant, or for multiple comparisons, the Mann-Whitney U test or the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn’s post hoc test was used if the former was significant. *P ≤ 0.05; **P < 0.01. Error bars indicate SD of the mean.