Plasma urate concentrations relative to cognitive function and plasma ascorbate status. (A) Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores in the Parkinson’s disease group (n = 212) showed a significant inverse correlation with urate status (r = −0.19, p = 0.007). (B) Plasma urate concentrations in individuals with Parkinson’s disease as per cognitive status subgroups: normal (PD-N, n = 95), mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI, n = 84), and dementia (PD-D, n = 34). The cognitively impaired group (PD-MCI and PD-D combined, n = 118) was significantly higher than the PD-N group (p = 0.015). Box plots show medians with boundaries set at 25th and 75th percentiles, whiskers at 5th and 95th percentiles, outliers are indicated by symbols. (C) Plasma urate concentrations in the Parkinson’s disease group (n = 212) show a weak inverse correlation with plasma ascorbate concentrations (r = −0.15, p = 0.017).