Table 2.

Methodologies used for detection of the most common senescent cell biological markers.

Biomarkers	Methods Used for Detection
Proliferation markers	Flow cytometry
Cell morphology	Phase-contrast microscopy
SA-β-Gal	Histochemistry, immunohistochemistry
p16, p21, p53, lamin B1	Histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting
ϒH2AX	Immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry
SADs, SAHF	Immunohistochemistry
SASP	ELISA
ROS	Flow cytometry, microplate readers, microscopy
Autophagic markers	Immunoblotting
Leukocyte absolute telomere length	PCR, FISH, southern blot
Cellular granularity	Flow cytometry

SA-β-Gal—senescence-associated-β-galactosidase; SADs—senescence-associated decondensation satellites; SAHF—senescence-associated heterochromatin foci; SASP—senescence-associated secretory phenotype; ELISA—enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; ROS—reactive oxygen species; PCR—polymerase chain reaction; FISH—fluorescence in situ hybridization.